Lg Global Strategy Essay

This assignment focusses on LGs worldwide system looking into their operations in brazil nut and India as well as look intoing minor voices of their efforts in Australia, China and the regular army. LG (Lucky GoldStar) ope ranges in the Consumer Electronics Industry on an inter field of study scale. The sources of reading used for empirical evidence range from faculty member journals and Interviews with LG Directors to information gathered from the LG press website and different academic online resources. To evaluate LGs system wizard must access its worth, its usefulness and whether LGs decisions and investments moody into real r horizontalue.To understand LGs Global Strategy success unrivallight-emitting diode must understand LGs background. LG started in 1947 as a cosmetics puzzle out shaper. LG expanded in to numerous industries in later years, eventually LG operated in the consumer electronics grocery store. LG has turned into a very successful multinational com p any(prenominal) nowadays, in the past two decades LG Electronics market grapple had grown at 22% from 130 million in the 1980s to 65 million the mid-nine standstills and 7.1 billion by archeozoic 2005. LG owed much of its success to the South Korean G all overnments incentive generative market it provided for the consumer electronics market.President commons Chung Hee of South Korea enacted the Economic Development Plan, which aimed to help the electronics industry by making it the national priority sector that would be authentic. As a result, many western companies came to set up joint ventures, LG pctnered with Philips, a European electronics confederation. LG-Philips became the largest manufacturer of flat strain TVs in world. By 2006, the groups gross revenue revenues massed up to $23 billion, making profits of $500 million. Of all of LGs various revenue streams, LG Electronics provided 47% of the total revenue. LG knew they had to operate in the consumer electronics market transnationally.LG was encouraged to invest in localized explore and emergence by the Government making extensive amounts of research radix. This particular point is atomic number 53 of the most heavy methods by which LG implemented a successful Global Strategy. During the mid-1980s over 120 private research institutes and 18 research consortia were gived. (W. R. shin bone and A. Ho, 1997.) Having exalted quality research and development infrastructure allowed LG to take a shit a series of products that were tailored to the needs of South Korea. LG learnt from this episode that research and development created a competitive prefer for its products, and this was something they had to do in every countries crosswise the globe instead of selling a set of standardized products. During the ni canies LG started a external Strategy that aimed to capitalize on the emerging BRIC economies ( brazil-nut tree, Russia, India and China).LG started in Brazil by building a manufa cturing plant in Manaus creating televisions and videocassette recorders to be sold around Brazil. The Government of Brazil offered low-tax income rate incentives for businesses to build manufacturing plants in underdeveloped areas as well as subsidizing primer coat for investors setting up operations. LG took salutary utility of these incentives to establish themselves in Brazil. Brazil In the 1990s had very high import tariffs, low chump wisdom and had high competition in the grey goods market.In 1990, flip-flop rates plummeted making planning for businesses very difficult. Global players in Brazil decided to withdraw their operations or terminate them entirely. This provided a number point for LG, they decided to expand their presence and create a strategy that would make Brazil a manufacturing hub for trades in South America and the USA. The mint in Brazilss currency allowed LG to take on some low-priced advantages that make exporting very advantageous(Ramaswamy, K. 2 007). LG was the largest exporter of electronic goods in South America. LG now tackled the areas of marketing and financial management to clamp down it presence in Brazil.LG wasnt well recognized in Brazil so it required to build some backbreaking customer awareness. LG took advantage of the immense national popularity of football and started a stigmatizeing campaign with sports events sponsorship. The LG sponsored a high be national football team in Sao Paolo(Ramaswamy, K. 2007), this brought immediate brand recognition to its products. LG now needed to transfer its brand recognition into tangible revenue though customizing its products to suit the needs of Brazilians. LGs consumer electronics were a refreshing taste to Brazils market, LG gave most of its products a 3 year warranty pairing that with their promise of instant portion if a customers product failed or broke-down. It used repair swear out vans able to r apiece a customers location in short time period. This helped ensure customers would receive a high train of quality and reliability from LG, this proved to be a worth-while competitive advantage over other competitors.LGs efforts in Brazil certainly reflected a good example of a well implemented world-wide strategy. They took advantages of the Governments tax incentives, furthermore LG filled the void in the consumer electronics market that was created by previous companies leaving when times got tough and created a strong marketing campaign. The scoop measure of their strategys success in Brazil is that in 2006 LG posted sales of 1.2 billion, a 36% increase compared to the previous year. LGs well implemented strategy in Brazil clearly led to market domination and a high profit. This was a strong international strategy, and LG adopted similar tactics in India.LG started operating in India when the Indian Government created advantageous market reforms allowing foreign companies to establish their own solely owned subsidiaries in India. L G quickly took advantage of these reforms and created LGEIL (LGE India Ltd.) in 1997. LGEILs source factory was built in Greater Noida(40km from New Delhi), which manufactured laundry machines, televisions, air conditioners and refrigerators.Mr Kwang-Ro Kim, Managing Director at the time s attend, We knew it was important, for example, not to downgrade the Indian market and instead to treat it seriously as we would any developed market, he goes on to explain this meant preparing a preparing a full strategy and emphasizing good-quality products, the ruff technology, the best network and access to the best people(Kim, K. R. 2005.). LG created these specialized products with vast research and development infrastructure, just desire they had in South Korea.Local research and development teams were made to create product variations that were designed for the unique demands of Indias market. For example, they launched a cricket television set that had a built-in cricket game to take a dvantage of the millions of people who adored cricket in India. LGEILs Golden center field technology used in TVs allowed the brightness of the screen to be adjusted to the surrounding level of light., this proved to be an important feature because India is very prone to power supply imbalances that effect lighten intensity. furthermore, they designed an air filtration system to keep its air conditioners running(a) efficiently. This design was implemented because Indias metropolitan areas have high levels of particulate matter pollution. Its home appliance products were fitted with circuits able to handle the regular voltage fluctuations Indian households had. LG presented an Indianised face to its products but keeping the technology at global standards(Mathur, U. C. 2010). These variations in products brought a refreshing taste to the Indian home appliance market. wholeness problem LGEIL faced was the geographical diversity and Indias lack of infrastructure making distribution o f it products difficult. To reach minute towns and villages in India a cheering distribution system needed to be adopted, their tiered approach allowed an anchoring regional distributor to supply cities and then complimented this system with offices in far areas for the small towns. This system encompassed 4,000 access points to reach the masses to Indias giant population. A website called lgezbuy.com helped their distribution with online ordering as well as providing detailed information about(predicate) their products and comparative pricing for different areas of the country. This was the first attempt by a major electronic goods manufacture and proved successful by creating another competitive advantage for LG.Customer Service was an important part of LGEILs strategy, just as they did in Brazil, they provided repair vehicles for reaching remote areas in short periods of time. Vans were fitted with electrical generators to ensure appliances could be fixed even in a country wi th regular blackouts. This was unseen to the Indian mart from any other competitor and became very favorable for customers. This walking-after sales service allowed traveling crews to cover ares that were previously unaccessible(Lee, D. W. 2005). This gave LG a competitive advantage over its Indian market competitors much(prenominal) as Onida or Whirlpool.In term of marketing strategy, LGEIL decided to sponsor an Indian Cricket team. This proved such a success that LG decided to sponsor the Cricket World shape in 2002(LG. 2009). LG became the largest sponsor of cricket in the world and this gained instant brand recognition for them across India, a country full of millions of cricket fanatics.A strong marketing campaign reaching customers all over India LGs localized product range and services provided with the products paid off rich dividends. LGs turnover for 2002 crossed Rs. 3000 Crore, that is a 37% increase on the previous year(Mathur, U. C. 2010), thats 38million. LGEIL cle arly beat their competitors, for example in the color television market LG had a market share of 26.4% and their near competitor, Onida, only had 10.8%. In the refrigerator market LG had a market share of 30.9%, Whirlpool, their nearest competitor only had 23.6%(Sinha, P. R. 2005)1. This was the same story with all their other home appliances. Clearly LG was making considerable profit and stood out from their competitors by providing quality products and services. But LG knew they had to do more to establish a strong foothold in India.LG had to demonstrate to India that they were not purely profit operate they believed this would give LG a credible send for in India and gain the fealty from the Indian market. LG subsidized primary schools and gave educational books to children. They even built a village school close to manufacturing facilities. Local employees were staffed for most of the top managerial positions of LGEIL. This managerial tactic allowed a South Korean company to bulge as an Indian business. These resulted in huge good-will from Indian customers which was the final tie in a successfully implemented Strategy.In 2006 Mr Nam Woo, President of LG Electronics (LG), uncover LGs ambitious plans to grow its presence in China. LG had leant many lessons from its early missions in emerging markets such as Brazil and India that would help LG hinderance a dominate global player. We want to make China a strategic base for our business, so we must be a draw not only in sales, but also in research and development and in localization.(Liu Baijia, 2006). LG took advantage of Chinas cheap excavate costs and soon where able to leverage an entire manufacturing network to swear out countries such as Russia and the USA (Ramaswamy, K. 2007). This is evidence of LG looking elsewhere to export their products, this was an integral part to LGs Global Strategy.Not every part of LGs strategy was perfect though, many of their products were recalled, for example, in Australia 2009 some of LGs refrigerators broke down due to faulty wiring which resulted in reduced insulation from electricity passing through. It could cause minor electric shocks(Global Data, 2009). Furthermore LG had to recall its Spyder Cell Phones in the USAover 30,000 stall phones of this type were in use (Global Data, 2009). This adversely affected their brand name and shows lack for careful attention to product design which reflects a stinking global strategy, this showed similar results to their efforts in the USA.LG started to look towards providing its products in the West, most notably the USA, an already challenging market. LG started supplying US stores with its home appliances such as microwave ovens and toasters. The conquest for shelf space was extremely difficult because of LGs poor brand recognition as well as questions about LGs product reliability and quality. The USA was not the place for LG to expose its products. The products that the USA consumer electro nic market wanted were the more fashionable European and Japanese home appliance products. LG failed to create a series of products the USA market wanted in comparison to its competitors. This clearly shows a languid strategy in LG selling its products global.Overall, the international strategy LG implemented shows a pattern, in emerging economies such as Brazil and India, LG thrived, however in developed economies such as Australia and the USA, LG was unsuccessful. LGs successes derived from 3 key areas that created a useful and worth-while international strategy. Firstly, they invested heavily in research and development to create products that suited the needs of the local market. LG now has over 36 research and development activities worldwide (Global Data, 2009). Secondly, they pursued a marketing strategy that targeted each countrys whole population. In both Brazil, and India we see LG sponsoring sports events and teams which was a great way to create instant brand recognitio n across each country.Thirdly, LG treated emerging markets seriously by providing quality products complimented with high caliber services, this was a worth-while decision because countries like Brazil and India hadnt been able to this kind of service. The content researched is very interesting and insightful and poses the question, Can these trine factors be applied as a international strategy for any multinational company?. To fully evaluate LGs international one must further research there operations in Russia and China. Whilst LG showed signs of weaknesses, their international strategy gave their products and services a competitive advantage over their competitors making them market leaders in specific countries. LGs efforts created LG a net income of over $13.1 billion in 2011 due to their global presence and is ranked 47th in the Fortune 500 companies, these achievements derived from what was a successful International strategy.BibliographyW. R. Shin and A. Ho, 1997. Industr ial transformation Interactive decision-making process in creating a global industry. Public Administration every quarter. Summer.Kannan Ramaswamy, 2007. LG Electronics Global Strategy in rising Markets. Understanding Global Strategy.Kwang-Ro Kim, 2005. Premium Marketing to the Masses An interview with LG Electronics Managing Director. The McKinsey Quarterly Special Edition Fulfilling Indias PromiseC. Mathur, 2010. Global Business Strategies. LG Group. Pg 290Duk-Woo Lee, 2005. LG the No.1 company in India. LG News. february, Vol. 24LG, 2009. Asia and Pacific Sponsorship, the Cricket World Cup. LG Press Website. (URLhttp//www.lg.com/global/about-lg/corporate-information/global-sports-sponsorship/cricket-world-cup.jsp)P. R. Sinha. 2005 Premium marketing to the masses An interview with LG Electronics Indias Managing Director. McKinsey Quarterly.Liu Baijia, 2006. LG wants local managers to aid growth. China Daily. April 20, 2006Global Data, 2009. SWOT Analysis of LG.

What Care Services Are Available to People with Long-Term Health?

What give caution expediencys atomic number 18 available to people with tenacious- represent wellheadness conditions and why is it heavy that these receiptss should take into account individuals sensitivities and part? According to Talcott Parsons macrocosm drab is a role (a deviant one) which is a temporary role that all people (regardless of their status or position) acquiesce at round stage of their life. Its main function is to control affection, and to minify its disruptive effects on the sociable system by ensuring that sick people are returned to health as speedily as practicable (Parsons 1951). until now if you are seen as enjoying playing the sick role, people might go after you as a malingerer. A malingerer is someone who shirks their duties by belie to be ill (Block 1 who frettings, p-67), this also has its problems as you start to finger isolated, depressed and loss of self-esteem from hiding daily activities from people. at that placefore, before yo u regular contemplate on seeing a doctor you give remove already taken on the sick role. The NHS is split into two, Primary and unessential health services they both look after people who buzz off from semipermanent illnesses i. . diabetes, asthma and coronary heart disease. It is estimated that there are slightly 15 million people in England that accept a long- precondition illness (DH 2006). Your local doctors surgery or GP manage reserves a wide range of family health services (NHS Choices, 2007). I myself will much refer to a study of a man named Anwar Malik that I dumbfound been studying, who himself has workd close to of the health services. Anwar Malik is a 54 year hoary green grocer and recognises with his married woman Hansa and their youngest son Iqbal.Anwar originally was born in Pakistan and came to live in the UK when he was a young man. Anwars firstborn row is Punjabi and Urdu, tho burn d protest speak English as Hansar and Anwar speak it in their s hop. Anwar had been feeling unwell for a while, lethargic, tired and generally thirsty. Anwars wife noniced that he had become less active and frequenting the toilet much often. Hansa his wife became concerned for her husbands health and advised him to recall his doctor. Anwars G. P referred him to hospital for further tests where it was discovered he in fact was diagnosed with diabetes.Primary premeditation services are normally the first tip of contact if you have a health related issue, an appointment with your GP (general practitioner), dentist, nurse or optometrist. It is estimated that around 90% use this service and most coffin nail be accessed in the doctors surgery, although Anwar could have gone to his local walk in center or even telephoned NHS direct. If your illness requires further tests your G. P will refer you to a petty(a) health care provider, this is what happened to Anwar Malik. Secondary care is defined as a service provided by medical specialists who ge nerally do not have first contact with patients.Secondary care is usually delivered in hospitals and patients have usually been referred to secondary care by their primordial care provider (usually their GP) (Dr Foster 2001). What can people expect to find in a hospital picture? Consultants, nurses, health care assistants and domestics are bonnie a few to name. There are different departments that split the hospital, intensive care different medical wards i. e. Neurology, surgical, and also not for fixateting the Accident and Emergency department. Communication between primary and secondary care breaks d hold quite easily, especially if you are receiving long term care.If you are being seen as an outpatient for long periods, the GP will need to be informed of their treatment and progress, as this could have an bushel on the GPs own treatment for the patient. friendly care body forths people for whatever reason that is unable to function without support or supervision in their own billets. Some families struggle to fund this considerate of service as it is not always free and requires service users to use their own money in order to obtain the service. Home care workers work to a care plan which determines what they do for each service user.However there needs to be clear boundaries between the home care worker and the service user in being friendly and being a friend, otherwise this could go on to considerable emotional demands on the home care worker. There are a combination of factors why some are reluctant to use this service, as it requires strangers going into the service users own home and carrying out personal care. Service users can also get very frustrated with home care as there are frequent changes in staff and some are even ailing trained.The service can be unreliable due to staff unwellness or not receiving a call due to adverse conditions, exit the service user stranded. However there are a legal age of service users that enjoy home care as it is delivered in the drag of their own homes, takes ram off families and can even postpone or stop the need to go in hospital or care homes. Everybodys illness differs from person to person so it is always important to take into account individuals sensitivities and circumstances, like Anwar were his taken into account?It is not just the individual with the illness that needs to be thought about, the family is often touch on to. As we are certified Anwar originated from Pakistan and maybe he did not to the full understanding English properly, also Hansa cannot read English very well and this proved delicate when trying to plan and follow meals for Anwar from a pamphlet given to her by the nurse. The menu showed typical English diet had anyone taken into account that Asians eat western food and their eating patterns differ from our own culture, this can lead to cultural barriers.Should the hospital have translated the diet cerement into the appropriate language tha t Anwar and Hansa are familiar with? What about communication and opthalmic aids? Should the hospital have provided a translator, so that both Anwar and Hansa amply understand the effects of diabetes? The hospital also could have shown Anwar and Hansa photos of a embarrassed foot or even an amputee, this could have made Anwar count in two ways about his own health (this could be me). Two per cent of the UK suffers with diabetes, federation Asian residents of the UK are 4 times likely to be alter by diabetes than the rest of the population (Block 1, who cares p-85).What about financial worries? Having to follow a healthy eating plan can cause financial force on the whole family. Families struggle to eat healthily amid rising food bills and shrinking budgets (Guardian 2012), could this be another obstacle in the way of Anwars treatment. Can they afford to change the whole familys diet, or have they enough money for extra food just for Anwar? Should the hospital be taking this into account for the sake of peoples health? However it is also important to think about a persons psychological needs, do they understand what is being asked of them, are they fully aware of the condition that they have.Living with a chronic illness is a demanding job and can often lead to bouts of depression many people are so overwhelmed by complications that may arise with their health and may experience a number of other emotions apart from depression, anger is also common as to why this is happening to them, mood swings, frustration and fear of the unknown. If such emotions do arise it is important for the health care professionals to support them and encourage them to take place their concerns straight away, otherwise this can have a long term effect on how they and their families manage their illness, thus helping to improve a ersons health for the see able future. Over the last century health care has been totally transformed by biomedical skill to understand what causes illness and diseases, and to find a cure. However biomedical cognizance is not enough to encourage people to administer their own care. To provide effective health care involves educating, informing, engaging and living people and their families, so that they can manage their own treatment. This means you would have to look at things from the service user perspective, asking them how they feel and helping them make champion of their illness.Any treatment that has to be given must take into account peoples cultural, social circumstances and lifestyles. Word Count-1420 Good practice 1) Liz appears to be ensuring Clarice gets the level of support she wants, to do the things she wants, in the way she wants. Liz doesnt appear to impose an docket of her own or one defined by Somebody Cares. I think this is supporting Clarice s rights to appropriate services. 2) When Clarice is in conversation with Liz, not only does Liz listen only if lets her lead the conversation.Liz puts no time pressure on Clarice and lets her do what she can for herself and only helps when asked by Clarice. Liz is supporting Clarice in maximising her potential to being independent. 3) Clarice opens the door to Liz they then have a little chat before any tasks are done. Not at any point does Liz talk about another client and lets Clarice lead the way to the bath dwell. I think Liz is maximising Clarices potential by letting her be as independent as possible and by not divulging confidential information onto Clarice about another client. Bad practice ) Marjorie does not engage masthead in two-way conversation at any point. She talks over her all the time. Consequently, Iris has no take place to give voice to her views or wishes. She doesnt get a materialize to make her point even in her own room. This is not supporting Iris to have a voice or be heard. 2) Iriss room is treated like a public place, where Marjorie comes and goes as she pleases. Iris is given no dignity in her own room shou ting do you want the lavvie? Marjorie moans about another person to Iris, leaving Iris wondering does she speak about me to other people.I think Marjorie has no concept of peoples rights to privacy and confidentiality. 3) Iris is able of having a bath she probably would find it a pleasure but unfortunately Marjorie runs it for her. This is not taking into account Iriss capabilities or wishes and definitely not maximising Iriss potential to run it herself. Word count-346 My tutors feedback has helped me to develop my writing, thinking skills and to actually think in myself. The only negative I had was no reference list, but I did send one (maybe didnt receive it).The most difficult task Ive found while doing TMA02 was not to ramble on and miss the point. References The Open University (second edition2010), block 1 who cares, Malta, Gutenberg Press Limited (p-67) & (p-85) Parson, T, (1951) the Social System, Glencoe IL, the Free Press. Department of Health (DH) (2006) Our Health Ou r Care, our Say A refreshful Direction for Community Services, Norwich, The Stationary Office also available online at www. dh. gov. uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4127453 (Accessed 26 February 2008).NHS Choices (2007) About NHS Services NHS GPs/Doctors online, www. nhs. uk/AboutNHSservices/doctors/pages/DoctorsSummary. aspx (Accessed 17 December 2007 www. guardian. co. uk/ rules of order/2012/nov/18/families-rising-food-prices-budgets (Accessed 10 November 2012). www. uwic. ac. uk/shss/dom/newweb/Sick_role/Introduction. htm (Accessed 10 November 2012). www. drfosterhealth. co. uk/medical-dictionary/terminology/secondary-care. aspx (Accessed 12 November 2012). www. medicalprotection. org/uk/booklets/common-problems-hospital/communication-between-specialties (Accessed 17 November 2012).

Time Line of the Cold War, Significant Events.

1. Timeline of the forget, 1948 January The US and British Zones in Berlin and the rest of Germany corporate into one economic unit, known as Bizonia. March Soviet representatives walked give away of the ally Control Commission complaining that Western attitudes made it unworkable. The Commission had be established in 1945, to administer all the captured zones. April The Allied zones were included in the Marshall Plan, Soviet troops began to hold up and search road and cultivate traffic, that entered West Berlin.June The Western powers announced plans to stimulate a West German State and introduce a bracing currency, known as the westward deutschmark, for their zones and western Berlin. The Soviet overly economically retaliated by introducing its own currency, the ostmark, in the soviet zone and eastern Berlin. young June 24th June Stalin openly accused the West of interfering in the Soviet zone, as a result he cut off roads, rail and canal traffic in an attempt to starv e western Berlin of its resources.Stalin was seek to force the Allies to pull let on of their sectors and abandon plans for separate teaching on their German zones. Explain the causes of the crisis what was most important and who was to blame? The causes of the Berlin blockade amid the Soviet unification and the regular array can only be catergorized into devil separate reasons that being short and long terms causes. The long causes of the blockade The Soviet Union had ensured that the minority of the communist group took engage of their eastern zone.They tried, unsuccessfully, to see communist control of Berlins city council, besides was utterly crushed by the capitalist movement in a general election. The West, capitalist countries wanted to speed up the economic retrieval of Germany, which had been devastated by war and was now facing serious shortages of food and fuel. The Soviet Union of course, wanted quite the opposite from the capitalist governments, their fo cus was to secure enough land safely and to be secured from a future attack, so at that place was this arising sense of pressure that was originally generated by Britains and the regular armys economic motivation.As Berlin was at the heart of the Soviet controlled eastern Germany, the western allies at first we granted access to their sectors by road, rail, canal and air. Stalin did non want this method of free trade to continue, as they were differing causes, it could be seen as a deviation from both(prenominal) sides main causes. Stalin also noticed that from Western Germany, it was promoting capitalism and was becoming more appealing towards the poorer, communist Germans that remained within eastmostern Germany, so there was this damage towards Stalins country of influence.Short-term causes for the blockade The Western Allies forged ahead(predicate) by encouraging the economic reco really of their zones, especially, in providing a much-needed currency. The western zones r eceived large quantities of Marshall Aid. In addition they descend up free elections to establish democracy. This of course, opposed Stalins communist ideology, and he feared that he would loose control over eastern Berlin for good, a refutal or policy of isolationism was needed to be adopted to stop consonant the penetrate of capitalist influence.In Conclusion, i think both sides, that being the USA and the USSR are to blame, yes they are both opposing systems, with heavier doses of influence upon each former(a)s areas, still the truth is there is always going to be a opposing system within the depths of an early(a) parties, what it think the two largest nations at the prison term did was morally wrong, because as the result of their squabbling and decoded telegrams the German population morally suffered more than from a war they had barely survived, its people were being dragged in and out of economic systems, the fear of another war and food and medicine shortages, it was the equivalent weight of another war on behalf of the Germans.And if the Americans and the Soviets did have some political issues, as large powers at the time, it was their commitment to lead an example out of war, and that their differences could be solved under terms of negotiation rather than secret telegrams and the whimsey under both sides of secret agents, i truly think other countries at that time must have been shaking their heads that is if they werent succumbed to capitalist or communist propaganda. What was Germanys result? Germany was then confirmed as break upd between the capitalist (Western sectors) to the communists (Eastern sectors), along the western side of Germany attention flourished, with loans provided by Britain and America, the vehicle and power industry thrived, creating jobs and business for millions of Germans. However crosswise the brim, eastern Germany was already experiencing food shortages, diseases and power outs, with all of Germanys resources to be shared amongst its people and the Red Army, nothing was able to grow because there was no available currency, or no currencies that we worth anything.The divided sectors of Berlin were film the heaviest, not only during the war, but amongst the Americans and Soviets, the West was kept under unvoiced soviet surveillance, all communication was cut by Soviet attempts between western Germany and western Berlin, they experienced food shortages, and power outs, this was shortly changed, as western Berlin received air lifts, containing food, medicine and goods to the people, and continued to do so until June 1948. Eastern Berlin was heavily damaged, soviet controlled and contained a majority of the red army along its border as an act of intimidation, the city was not repaired and its people were to share all physical possessions with the red army, to what Stalin said To keep the communist bonds deep within Germany. How were relations affected? The rivalry between the East and the West was greatly increased and became obvious.It confirmed the divisions of Germany and Berlin. It led to the creation of the marriage Atlantic Treaty Organisation, also known as NATO. Truman saw the crisis as a great success, West Berlin had survived and stood up against the Soviet Union, without causing war. For Stalin it was seen as a defeat and humiliation, however this did not stop Stalin from announcing a victory on their behalf. Three key features of the German airlift Demonstrated the family between the USA and the USSR, to what extent they were willing to go for Germany. How they resented each other despite the fear of another war. Communism and Capitalism could not sustain peacefully.What were the reasons for the signing of the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939 During 1939, Stalin had also received visits from German foreign ministers, Ribbentrop for example, visited Stalin on the 23rd of August 1939, the sensational claim was made shortly afterwards, that the two bitter enemi es had signed alliegence to one another. The Nazi-Soviet pact was both agreed by Hitler and Stalin, that the two would not defend, but secretly also agreed to divide Poland between them. It seemed shocking that the soviet Union had signed an agreement with a country, whose leader wanted to wipe out communism. But Stalin wanted to stop the attack on his country, Britain and France had a deep suspicion of the Soviet Union and Stalin believed what they really wanted for Germany and the Soviet Union to go to war, so that they would both we weakened.This pact would give both Hitler and Stalin the time they needed, for one to avoid a war on two fronts and the other to gain economic strength, and phalanx influence across its vast population. Hitler did hate communism, but after signing the pact he knew that if he invaded Poland, he would not have to fight the Soviet Union. He did not believe that Britain and France would go to war to bread and butter Poland, so he believed that the pact would allow him to take a very large amount of Poland without war. Even if Britain and France did declare war, Germanys eastern border was now secured by an alliance with the Soviet Union and he did not have to face the prospect of a war on two fronts.

Behavioral And Social Learning Approaches Personality Assessment

Personality stick out be specify as a hypothetical concept that constitute those relatively un spayable and enduring aspects of an individual which distinguishes them from other people making them unique, but which at the same prison term permit a comparison between individual. there ar various attackes that conceptualize mortalality. These ar the psychoanalytic perspective, the trait theory, doingsist ( scholarship) theory, compassionateistic theories cognitive and biological approaches. This paper however will look for the bearingal and amicable tuition theory approaches to temper.The focus will be in comparing and contrasting them and relating them to a personal reputation disorder. The kind learning theory is an approach that debates that we learn by imitation, modeling, and observation of other people behavior. If we unwrap a good behavior from other people, we are likely to behave well but if we observe bad behavior from them we behave badly. Albert Ba ndura is considered a major proponent of this theory. This approach similarly considers the environmental factors claiming they reinforce modeling.An individual can be reinforced directly by a model for example a student can fig up like other to fit in their group. A third person can also reinforce modeling. for example a teacher whitethorn praise a certain student making the others to model him. It is also possible to imitate the behavior itself. For example a student may play football during his leisure judgment of conviction influencing another to model the behavior. genial learning theory argues that reinforcement and penalty are necessary in learning. They deflect the level at which a person demonstrates a learnt behavior. They argue that moral discretion concerning the right or wrong is modeled.Bandura outlined from major condition for modeling to occur paying aid, remembering, ability to replicate, and motivation. Modeling leads to eruditeness of freshly behavior, affects the frequency of embarking a learner behavior, encourages a forbidden behavior and increases the frequency of a similar behavior. They emphasize of self regulation in personality development. For example setting own goals, self observation, self judgment and self reaction (Ormrod, J. E1999) The behavioral approach in personality judgment argues that personality can be acquired through observation.It put the environment responsible to personality difference among people. It assumes that we can understand other people by observing how they behave. It also argues that a response to certain stimuli molds behavior. Learning can occur though conditioning in both human and non human animals. It also assumes that all human are equal at birth. We are born a tabula rasa empty slit as we grow, the environmental factors molds our personality. Proponents of this approach include Skinners (1957) operant condition theory, Pavlov (1936) conditioning theory and Watson (1958). (Axialis T eam 2008)Both the social learning and behavioral theories emphasize on observation learning to personality acquisition. They consider environmental factors that influence our personality. They also consider reinforcement and punishment an important factor in learning. However, social learning theory argues that learning is possible without inescapably changing the behavior. This contrast the behavioral approach that argues that learning must be represented by a permanent dislodge in behavior. tender learning assumes people can learn through observation alone and which might not affect their performance therefrom may not or may impact behavior change.This contrasts the behavioral approach which assumes learning must involve a permanent change in behavior as well conditioning necessity in learning. Modeling, imitation and observation cannot be assumed in behavioral acquisition. environmental factors too are very important in personality assessment. These deuce approaches consider this. They both make a step to explain broader personality to include the animals. On the other hand, we cannot assume the thought processes, unobservable activities, biological and genetic factors in personality assessment and which they assume.Conditioning approach can be useful in explaining how we develop a tog how we model it, who influence us towards the habit and how we can stop the habit. In my early stages of life, I used to like toys very much. My upgrade would make sure that they bought me. Initially, my elderberry bush brother used to like them too. My parents would buy him every time he performed break away in school. He would spend time with them on his supernumerary time. He motivated my love for toys. When I started going to school, my parents adopted a similar strategy in buying me toys.It was not after I destroyed one like before, but after I performed better in school. I remember I had a hard time to adapt to this. Previously I mishandled them after all they would buy me if damaged. This time round, it was based on performance. I wasnt a good performing artist but I had to get going hard to get some new toys. If I didnt perform well, the punishment was no toy. As time went by, my performance deteriorated. My parents withdrew their reinforcement. At the long run, there were no more new toys. The old ones were not pleasant at all. I despised them. My performance currently is better but I hate toys.In the behavioral view, I observed the habit from my brother and learnt it, the environmental factors, my parent, influenced me to possess the habit of destroying them in order to be bought some new. I was reinforced to work harder to get new toys. The negative stimulus, the punishment, was not to be bought new toys. The aversive stimulus was my parents withdrawal of new toys when my performance decreased. I later stopped liking toys a result of the negative reinforcement. In the social learning view, I learnt the habit from observing my bro ther he used his free time well. My brother was my role model.I paid attention to his habit, I rehearsed and was able to replicate the way he handled and treated the toys. However, my parent motivated me by realizing my habit and therefore bought me some more toys. I did not permanently adapt the behavior implying that learning does not necessarily change behavior. Social learning approach best describes my personality I was able to observe, pay attention, rehearse and replicate my brothers behavior thus influencing my personality. I was able to regulate myself in settling my goals, observe and make my own judgment and choose my reaction from my parents move towards my habit.These theories explore the complexity of human nature. Whichever dimension they take as long as it explain personality assessment, is worth credential. However, if these approaches are unified they would have a better explanation to personality assessment. References Ormrod, J. E. (1999). Human learning. Social learning theory Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice-Hall. Retrieved on Friday, October 31, 2008 from http//teachnet. edb. utexas. edu/lynda_abbott/Social. hypertext mark-up language Axialis team (2008) Psychologist World. Behavioral approach. Retrieved on Friday, October 31, 2008 from http//www. psychologistworld. com/issues/behavioralapproach. php

Alcohol and substance abuse Essay

Introduction There be many challenges facing the initiation today raging from political conflicts (wars), natural disasters, famine, diseases, economic and social problems among some separatewises. both continent on this earth and for that matter e real country involve undertakeed one or more of such problems. However nearly countries establish been able to end or minimize the occurrence and effect of some these problems such as famine, economic issues, political conflicts etc. Usually, developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America atomic number 18 the al nigh vulnerable to all these problems. apart from natural disasters which its occurrence can hit any country, developed countries encounter minimal problems of famine , political or economic problems but are often challenged with especially social problems including center field mistreat mainly inebriant usage. What is Substance ill-use Substance mistreat ease up been one of public oldest weakness as w e piddle as human beings, in one guidance or the other either consciously or unconsciously have abuse some sort of stubs at a detail point in time of our life story.In ancient Greece, were a keep company of mountain called lotus eaters where they used lotus fruits and flowers as mannikin of nutrient which coif them in some form of hallucinogenic state. Substance abuse is the use of illegitimate medicates or the excessive use of legal means so as to produce physical, psychological or social harm. The creative activity health Organization refers to centre abuse as harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances including alcoholic drinkic beverageic beverage and illicit drugs.Substance abuse which is commonplacely referred to as drug abuse is therefore the use of illegal or in appropriate use of a legal substance that alter the normal functioning of the brain or nervous system and are harmful to the general health of the user. (Levin et al 2000, WHO 2010) Subst ance Abuse in the Context of Alcohol Alcohol is a form of melted known as ethanol and used as an ingredient or a constituent of intoxicating beverages such as beer, spirits, wine-coloured and other drinks. Alcohol is the most prevalent psychoactive substance used by many people.It is often used as a form of tranquillizing which as a resolving slow the effective performance or operation of the central nervous system. Substance abuse drugs are categorised as stimulants (caffeine, nicotine), depressant (alcohol, valium), hallucinogens (ecstasy, LSD), cannabis (hashish, marijuana) and steroids (Macionis 2005, WHO 2010). Why people use alcohol There are number of reasons why people use alcohol. quirkiness among other reasons such as for recreational, spiritual, psychological, social conformity etc. are often the explanation given.Some of these reasons are not obvious and most people use different forms of excuses like, I have had a trying day or week, I have friends coming around, I have to get in the mood to socialize etc. Recreational and spectral People see alcohol consumption as a form of leisure. Example, some people may drinking a glass of wine or beer before, after or with a meal to increase their appetite, father the food taste better or make them more relaxed. many cultures around the world use alcohol in their spiritual practices and believes.In Ghana and other African countries, often alcohol is used as a form of offering in pouring libation to the gods. Psychological and favorable Conformity Due to the psychoactive effect of alcohol, it is seen as a way of alleviating stress, psychical and emotional problems. Some people use alcohol payable to a particular society, group, affiliation etc. that they belong to in other to fit in. During social steadyts, alcohol are usually served and many people believe by consuming alcohol will instill a sense of confidence when in the company of others.Example is among college students and young teenaged where due to peer pressure find themselves drinking alcohol. People nutriment in isolation with shortsighted network support and decrease mobility may often turn to alcohol especially among senior citizens. Alcohol and other substance abuse as a problem In most societies, people have different opinions and mixed feelings about alcohol and other forms of substance abuse. Some people may consider its use as beneficial while others may disagree. However, the problems created by alcohol and other substance abuse are staggering than the benefits derived.The most commonly problems we often obtain are public drunkenness, disorderly behavior, traffic and industrial accidents, broken families, crime, poor social functioning and worsening of existing conditions such as poverty, mental and physical illness. (Kornblum and Julian 1974). Key findings indicated that more people suffer from alcohol use disorders compare to drug use and both types are common in men than in women. In every year 35 out of 100,000 people are killed by alcohol where as in 2012 3.3 million deaths were attributed to alcohol consumption widely distributedly. 5. 4% of worlds annual disease burden is caused by alcohol and illicit drug use, whereas tobacco accounted for 3. 7%. Globally 46% of all men and 73% of women abstain from alcohol. This means 54% of men and 27% of women of the total global population have at some point in their life consumed alcohol before. Therefore 81% of the total worldwide population have consumed alcohol at some point in time. 6. 2 liters of beautiful alcohol were consumed per person aged 15 years or fourth-year in 2010 worldwide.Developed countries have the highest consumption rate with Europe having the highest take of alcohol consumption while the lowest is found in the southward East Asia region (WHO 2014). Effect of Alcohol Alcohol consumption has several(prenominal) negative effect on the user which as a result affect the society, country and the globe. The ann ual death rate related to alcohol consumption is about 3. 3 million globally. The individual also becomes very vulnerable of contracting other diseases like cirrhosis of the liver, anemia, heart effort etc.Alcohol and other substance users are more opened to social related harm like rape, accidents, injury or point death. Governments in various countries spend huge sums of money to treat and restore substance abuser, such individuals sometimes lose earnings, become unemployable or lose their family. The money, time and health burster facilities used to rehabilitate these individuals put lot of economic strain on the government budget and even the economical contributions of such individual is even severe if the person is a professional example a medical doctor, teacher, IT technician etc.Such monies could be used to do other social economic developments to improve the general wellbeing of the society and the globe. The Finnish government spend about 1. 3 billion euros annually for managing alcohol related problems according to the National represent for Health and Welfare (Yle smarts 2013, WHO 2014). Conclusion Alcohol and other substance abuse is not an individualistic problem but a worldwide issue where all governments must work together to combat, reduce, if not eradicate the total consumption of it.Good policies on better health care systems, improved economic policies and strong but encouraged social victuals programs should be implemented. Efficient advocacy programs, effective regulatory strategies and the involvement of community of interests base action programs to care, support and prevent the sale and consumption of alcohol and other substance abuse materials should be implemented and encourage. Reference Dowd doubting Thomas E, Rugle L. Substance Abuse, A Practitioners Guide to Comparative Treatments. New York Springer publish Company 2006. Julian J, Kornblum W. Social Problems. New island of Jersey Prentice Hall Publishing 1974.Levin et al. Social Problems. California Roxbury publishing company 2000. Macionis John J. Social Problems. New Jersey Prentice Hall Publishing 2005. Alcohol Definition. World Health Organization (Accessed 13. 09. 2014) http//www. who. int/substance_abuse/activities/msbatlaschone. pdf? ua=1 Alcohol and Health Factors and Effects. World Health Organization (Accessed 13. 09. 2014) http//www. who. int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msb_gsr_2014_1. pdf? ua=1 Alcohol Cost. National be for Health and Welfare THL. (Accessed 14. 09. 2014) http//yle. fi/uutiset/huge_costs_caused_by_alcohol_ause/6639487.

Essay Teachers and Weapons in School Essay

Abstract In this paper, I give look the contr everyplacesial question of whether instructors should be reserveed or required to admit weapons on drill camp physical exercises. The question of whether the topic should be entertained has come up time and again after tragedies occur, the timeline of which will be summarized herein. The recent disaster at Sandy lift Elementary educate in Newtown, Connecticut, that devastated the rural atomic number 18a on December 14, 2012, has wrenched this debate crudely prickle into the spotlight.I will investigate different types of protective instruments that could possibly be commitd, as uprisely as what types are used in takes that go much(prenominal) regulations. I will delve into the reasoning behind states that have implemented laws that entirely toldow teachers to carry particle accelerators in schoolhouse and/or at school events. complicate within are excerpts from this writers first-class honours degree-person intervi ew conducted with Maria Otero-Ball, a kindergarten teacher in Albuquerque, New Mexico. As a teacher of children the identical age as those involved in the Newtown tragedy, Mrs.Otero-Ball sulleners a first-hand view on the changes that she and the school have made following the tragedy, as well as her views on the practicality of weapons in the school. My goals in preparing this paper are to expand my conceptions on the subject, peruse the purposes of others, and explore the statistics to provide a reform overall consciousness of the subject matter to myself and to my readers. During the research process, I found that a compromise on the types of weapons teachers should be sanctioned to carry would be the best option from my predict of view.Keywords teachers, weapons, school, tragedy, children Screams of terror, cries of anguish, tears of sorrow, heartbreaking agony the nation bore witness to all of these and much as the first responders struggled to make sense of the motio n-picture show that unfolded at Sandy Hook Elementary initiate on that fateful sidereal day of December 14th, 2012 in Newtown, Connecticut (Ardillas, 2012). Many families had their hearts torn aside during the rampage of that l unmatch up to(p) gunman as he unleashed his rage on teachers and young learners who were just beginning their lifes journey.Amidst the suffering and the sorrow for the de embark oned, the question was once again raised Should the teachers charged with protecting our children be equipped with weapons to take on them to do so in a scene of horror such as this? But I dont think the questions should end on that point. More importantly, would arming teachers be refuge for the children and the teachers? ar in that respect other options that may be more appropriate that should be considered?Allowing teachers to carry weapons could go a long way towards making our schools more secure, still realistically non-lethal weapons would be the safer, more manage sufficient issue in making our schools the haven the community deserves them to be. The tragedy at Sandy Hook Elementary, though undeniably one of the most horrendous of its kind and flatly the most recent of such magnitude, is preceded by numerous similar happenings end-to-end the United States over the grades recorded as far back as 1927.On whitethorn 18th of this class, a farmer named Andrew Kehoe mass off 2 explosions at Bath Consolidated informhouse in Bath, Michigan, pull downing himself, cardinal adults and 38 children. In Houston, Texas on folk fifteenth, 1959, bunko game Paul Orgeron exploded a suitcase of dynamite on a playground at Edgar Allen Poe Elementary cleansing himself, two adults and troika children. On October 5th, 1966, 15- social class-old David Black injure a nonher learner before sidesplitting teacher, Forrest Willey, at Grand Rapids luxuriously-pitched schooling in Grand Rapids, Michigan.On November 12th, 1966, in Mesa, Arizona, 18-year-o ld pupil, Robert Smith, toss offed five masses at a local beauty college. In Olean, New York, at Olean broad(prenominal) condition on December 30th, 1974, honors educatee Anthony Barbaro killed a school janitor and two innocent bystanders and so killed himself while awaiting trial. 16-year-old Stephen Goods was trip and killed by a stray bullet fired during a participation between two schoolmates on treat 18th, 1975, at Sumner full(prenominal) inculcate in St. Louis, Missouri. In 1978 on February 22nd, 15-year-old Roger Needham killed another educatee who had bullied him at Everett tall school in Lansing, Michigan.During class on May 18th, 1978, at Murchison junior(a) luxuriously School in Austin, Texas, 13-year-old John Christian thrust and killed his slope teacher Wilbur Grayson. In San Diego, atomic number 20, on January 29th, 1979, at Grover Cleveland Elementary, 16-year-old Brenda Spencer opened fire on a school across from her home, killing the principal an d janitor. (CNN U. S. , 2012) In the 80s, cut pharynx episodes in schools increased to nearly one incident per year beginning with 17-year-old Pat Lizzotte takeing andkilling her teacher Clarence Piggott during class at Valley senior exalted school School in Las Vegas, Nevada, on March 19th, 1982.On January 20th, 1983, an unnamed student tool and killed another student before play the gun on himself. On February 24th, 1984, at 49th Street School in Los Angeles, California, sniper Tyrone Mitchell began firing on children on the playground, killing one, injuring 11 and later(prenominal) taking his own life. In Goddard, Kansas, at Goddard Junior heights on January twenty-first, 1985, 14-year-old James Kearbey hypothesis and killed Principal Jim McGee.David and Doris Young, a couple in their 40s, took over Cokeville Elementary School with a bomb, holding 150 children and adults warrantor and demanding $300 million in ransom in Cokeville, Washington, on May sixteenth, 1986. The bomb accidentally detonated causing a fire during which 74 plurality were injured and David Young shot his wife and then himself. The same year on December 6th, 14-year-old Kristofer Hans shot and killed his substitute teacher, Henrietta Smith, at Fergus High School in Lewistown, Montana.In Dekalb, Missouri, at Dekalb High School on March 2nd, 1987, 12-year-old Nathan Faris shot 13-year-old Timothy Perrin and then took his own life. February 11th, 1988, Pinellas Park High School, Largo, Florida two 15-year-olds with stolen weapons, Jason McCoy and Jason Harless, shot and killed Asst. Principal Richard Allen. At Hubbard Woods Elementary School in Winnetka, Illinois, on May 20th, 1988, 30-year-old Laurie Dann killed an 8-year-old boy and injured six other people before taking her own life.Copying the Winnetka, Illinois take out, 19-year-old James Wilson killed 8-year-olds Tequila doubting Thomas and Shequila Bradley in the school cafeteria of Oakland Elementary School in Greenwood, South Carolina on September 26th, 1988. The worst year for school killings yet, 1988 comes to a pie-eyed with the fourth incident on December 16th at Atlantic Shores Christian School in Virginia Beach, Virginia, during which 16-year-old Nicholas Elliott shot and killed teacher Karen Farley.Concluding the decades violence, a brief month later on January 17th, 1989, 24-year-old drifter Patrick Purdy used an AK-47 to kill five children on a playground at Cleveland Elementary School in Stockton, California before killing himself. (CNN U. S. , 2012) The momentum from the latter part of the 80s decade did not lose velocity as the 90s moved forward with a manifold of violent incidents e really year succeeding the first episode on November 25th, 1991 at Thomas Jefferson High School in Brooklyn, New York, when 14-year-old Jason.Bently shot a gun during an argument with two other teens, the stray bullet killing a 16-year-old student who was not even involved in the altercation. Thomas Jeffer son High School was revisited by the sickness on February 26th, 1992, as 15-year-old Kahlil pack animal shot and killed two other students. On May 1st, 1992, at Lindhurst High School in Olivehurst, California, 20-year-old dropout Eric Houston returned to school to kill a former teacher and three students. Without ado, 1993 started off with a bang on January 18th when 17-year-old Scott Pennington shot and killed a teacher and a custodian at East Carter High School in Grayson, Kentucky.Three months later on April 12th, 16-year-old Jason Robinson was stabbed to death in his Social Studies class by three teenage attackers at Dartmouth High School in Dartmouth, Massachusetts. Only 3 days had passed when, on April 15th, 44-year-old David Taber invaded pass over Middle School in Acushnet, Massachusetts, taking three hostages and later killing school nurse Carol Day. Pennsburg, pop suffered a visit from the woman chaser on May 24th, 1993, as 15-year-old Jason Smith, a student of Upper Pe rkiomen High School, killed another student who had bullied him.The fifth assault of 1993 ensued on December twenty-first at Wauwatosa West High School in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin when 21-year-old former student Leonard McDowell returned to his high school killing Asst. Principal Dale Breitlow. February 1994 did not start off well at Valley View Jr. High School in Simi Valley, California on the 1st day of the month, 13-year-old Philip Hernandez stabbed a 14-year-old student to death in the hallway. April 12th of the same year was no better in Butte, Montana, when 10-year-old Jason Osmanson shot and killed an 11-year-old classmate on the playground.The ominous cloud passed over Wickliffe Middle School in Wickliffe, Ohio, on November 7th, 1994, as 37-year-old drifter Keith Ledeger shot and killed school custodian Peter Christopher and injured three others. On October 12th, 1995, at Blackville-Hilda High School of Blackville, South Carolina, 15-year-old Toby Sincino killed a teacher and th en himself. The 15th of November, 1995, 17-year-old Jaime Rouse killed a business teacher and a 16-year-old student at Richland High School in Lynnville, Tennessee.At Winston Education focalize in Washington, DC, 14-year-old Damion Blocker encountered two masked gunmen in the stairwell where he was shot and killed by 16-year-old Darrick Evans on January 19th, 1996. In Moses Lake, Washington, at Frontier Jr. High School on February 2nd, 1996, 14-year-old Barry Loukaitis killed two students and a teacher with a rifle. 1997 proverb three violent incidents on February 19th in Alaska, October 1st in Mississippi, and December 1st Kentucky with a combined death doorbell of 8, including a parent, a principal, and six students.Three episodes in 1998 in Arkansas on March 24th, Pennsylvania on April 24th, and Oregon on May 21st claimed the lives of 10 more. Littleton, Colorado was devastated on April 21st, 1999, when 18-year-old Eric Harris and 17-year-old Dylan Klebold murdered 12 students and one teacher before committing suicide in the library of Columbine High School. The cobblers last(a) wreckage of 1999 came to pass on November 19th at Deming Middle School in Deming, New Mexico when 12-year-old Victor Cordova shot and killed a 13-year-old classmate. (CNN U. S., 2012).The first scene of 2000 unfurled with the youngest offender to date, a 6-year-old boy, who shot and killed a 6-year-old girl at Buell Elementary in Mt. Morris Township, Michigan on February 29th. On May 26th of the same year in Lake Worth, Florida, 13-year-old Nathaniel Brazill returned to school after being sent home for misbehaving to shoot and kill his teacher, Barry Grunow, at Lake Worth Community Middle School. At Santana High School in Santee, California, on March 5th, 2001, 15-year-old Charles Andy Williams killed two classmates and injured 13.The last upset until 2003 transpired on December 5th, 2001, at Springfield High in Springfield, Massachusetts when troubled teen Corey Ramos stabbed R everend Theodore Brown, a counselor at the school, to death. 2003 saw two tragedies on April 24th at Red lion Area Jr. High School in Red Lion, Pennsylvania when 14-year-old James Sheets shot his principal, Eugene Segro, and then himself, and on September 24th in Cold Spring, Minnesota, at Rocori High School, where 15-year-old Jason McLaughlin killed one student and critically injured another who died in October.The sole incident in 2004 struck on February 3rd at Southwood Middle School in Palmetto Bay, Florida, involving 14-year-old Michael Hernandez who slashed the throat of 14-year-old Jaime Rodrigo Gough. 16-year-old Jeff Weise perpetrated a four-fold murder in Red Lake, Minnesota, beginning with the murder of his grandfather and another adult followed by killing four crack students at Red Lake High School, a teacher, a security harbour and finally himself on March 21st, 2005.In Jacksboro, Tennessee, Campbell County Comprehensive High School felt the sting of madness on Novem ber 8th, 2005, as a 15-year-old student opened fire on a principal andtwo suspensor principals, killing one and critically wounding another.Three vicious episodes rocked 2006 two dead in a Colorado high school shoot on September 27th, one dead in a high school nip in Wisconsin on September 29th, and six dead, six wounded in a Pennsylvania Amish school on October 2nd. The comical attack in 2007 befell Henry Foss High School of Tacoma, Washington on January 3rd, culminating with 18-year-old Douglas Chantabouly fatally shooting 17-year-old Samnang Kok.2008s lone incident was a shooting at Central High School in Knoxville, Tennessee, leaving one dead. 2009 witnessed three brutalities in rapid succession commencing on September 15th at a Florida high school leaving one fatally stabbed, shadowed on September 23rd at a Texas high school where a teacher was stabbed and killed and the closing fatality on October 16th at a South Carolina high school where a patrol officer shot and killed a student after the student had stabbed the officer. one(a) confrontation on February 5th, 2010, at an Alabama middle school resulted in a 14-year-old with a fatal shot to the head and a struggle on January 5th, 2011, at a Nebraska high school obstetrical delivery about the death of a vice principal and the suicide of the numbfish. front to the Sandy Hook horror in December of 2012, an attack occurred on February 27th at Chardon High School in Chardon, Ohio, killing three and wounding four others (Timeline School violence in the US, CNN U.S. , 2012).2013 has already suffered the first school assault at Taft High School in Taft, California leaving one student in a coma and chip for his life (Simmons, 2012). Following the Newtown tragedy of Sandy Hook, several state lawmakers have begun the process of introducing jurisprudence to allow teachers to bear arms. These states include Florida, Minnesota, okey, Oregon, South Dakota and Tennessee.Oklahoma State Representative Mark McCu llough is quoted as saying We cannot continue to be shackled by politically correct, reflexive, anti-gun sentiment in the face of the diaphanous our schools are soft targets. It is incredibly irresponsible to leave our schools undefended to allow mad men to kill dozens of innocents when we have a very simple solution available to us to prevent it. Ive been considering this final cause for a long time. In light of the savagery on boasting in Connecticut, I believe its an idea whose time has come.(Celock, 2012, para. 3) spell these states are only beginning their journey to allow teachers to bear arms, there are places where such laws already exist. In Indiana, state law makes schools gun-free zones, but exempts employees or others authorized by a school to act as a security guard, perform or participate in a school function, or participate in any other legal action authorized by a school (Wilson, 2012, para. 2). Harrold, a small Texas town, allows teachers and school officials to carry concealed weapons on school grounds.This was unanimously voted upon by the school board in 2007, requiring only that any school employee who plans to carry a weapon obtain first a state concealed-weapons permit, and then be approved by the school board to carry concealed weapons on campus. (Brown, 2012) While allowing teachers to carry guns may seem an obvious solution to many, there are those who favor other approaches to making our schools safer. Maria Otero-Ball is a kindergarten teacher in my hometown of Albuquerque, New Mexico.Being a teacher of five and six year-old students, the Sandy Hook Elementary School tragedy struck a very personal chord with Mrs. Otero-Ball. Following the horrific event, Mrs. Otero-Ball made the changes that she was able to on her own to make her classroom safer she cleared out her cede closet to enable her to hide students in such an event, put in place a classroom emergency procedure for use in conjunction with the schools emergency proce dure and she now runs a drill at least weekly to ensure her students know what to do in case of an attack such as the one in Newtown, Connecticut.Even so, she knows that these are small changes whose chances of effectiveness are uncertain at best. Mrs. Otero-Ball has another idea that she will be proposing in the next school board meeting. Her idea is for teachers to be issued and trained on non-lethal weapons such as vex guns, tasers, tranquilizer darts, and/or bombard spray. Mrs. Otero-Balls stance is, I believe that we the teachers would have a much better chance of withhold a perpetrator if armed with something like this stupefy guns, tasers, tranquilizer darts, and/or pepper spray. (Interview Maria Otero-Ball, 2012) Non-lethal weapons are intended to cause pain and/or physically disable an adversary with a minimal risk of serious or permanent injury. The available types of non-lethal weapons include pepper spray, which comes in a hale cylinder and emits a pepper based, ol eo resin spray that has the might to incapacitate an attacker regardless of size and/or strength. Pepper spray is most effective in close range encounters and do not require accurate aim nor much homework. Pepper spray is astray used by the general public and would not require legislationto be allowed in schools.Tasers are one of the more painful non-lethal weapons and break away by shooting small electrodes which penetrate the attackers clothing and skin. These electrodes are affiliated to a wire which conducts a strong electrical current and incapacitates offenders for up to 10 minutes. Tasers are good for distance use and the incapacitation time of the offender would allow time for the victims to take control of the situation, remove themselves to a safer placement and contact law enforcement. Stun guns work on the same underlying premise as tasers, but are a hand held, close range weapon.Stun guns could be very effective if one was able to surprise the victim from behind a nd take them down with a outrage to the back of the neck. Both tasers and stun guns would require more training for use as well as for safety of the handler. One could expect general assembly would be required to allow these in schools and supply sufficient training for the teachers designated for their use. Tranquilizer darts are best known for their use on wildlife such as bears, but can be modified for use on humans by utilizing a smaller dart and disgrace dosage of sedative, anesthetic or paralytic agent.The drawbacks with the use of tranquilizer guns include a delay between the time the dart connects and the incapacitation of the attacker and a danger of the offender dying if not monitored closely. (Admin erect be Safe, 2011) ground on the research of the benefits and drawbacks of these non-lethal options, a combination of availability of pepper spray, stun guns and tasers for teachers and training on their use and handling would be most advantageous in a situation involv ing a single or multiple assailant(s).After being faced with a dreadful scene such as that which was encountered in Newtown at Sandy Hook Elementary School, it may well be the gut reaction of the general public to shout, ramification our teachers In fact, since I have begun this paper, several more schools have begun legislation, voted to allow teachers to carry concealed weapons and even purchased weapons for the exclusive use of the school. However, if more thought is given to the implications of arming teachers with guns, one must see that this could prove more dangerous than helpful if the gun were to be appropriated by the wrongdoer.Another thought that had not been considered during my research was brought to light by The Ed Show on January 10, 2013 many parents do not condone teachers having guns, concealed or otherwise, near their children (The Ed Show, 2013). With proper training on non-lethal weapons such as stun guns, tasers, and pepper spray, teachers would be able to defend our youth without the fear of having to kill or having a murderous weapon wrested from them while attempting to defend those they undertake to protect. The facts are painfully evident 1.Violence in school has escalated over the years and something must be done to protect the students and faculty. 2. The death toll relating to school violence is much too high for comfort. 3. Regulating gun laws will not prevent guns from being in circulation. 4. There are many drawbacks to allowing teachers to have access to guns in schools including fear of the gun travel into the wrong hands, discomfort of the parents knowing there are guns in the schools and what the shooter would have to deal with if they were to kill someone.5. Conceivably, non-lethal weapons would be the safer, more manageable solution in making our schools the haven the community deserves them to be. In light of all of the evidence, it is apparent that a compromise could be made to keep our schools safe by giving the teachers the tools they need and still keep guns out of our schools, consequently satisfying government, parents, teachers, students and families alike.This could be achieved by introducing a comprehensive plan to supply all teachers with pepper spray, select teachers with Tasers and stun guns and providing the training the teachers need to successfully use these defenses during an attack. References Admin (2011, June 5). Tasers, stun guns & pepper spray Non-lethal self defense weapons Just B Safe. Just B Safe. Retrieved December 15, 2012, from http//www. justbsafe. com/? p=84 Aradillas, E. , Baker, K. C. , Billups, A. , Breuer, H. , Dennis, A. , Weisensee Egan, N. , . . . Zuckermann, S. (2012, December). catastrophe in new town Remember forever. People, 78(27), 52-59. Brown, A. (2012, December 20). Texas town allows teachers to carry concealed guns. Breaking News and Opinion on The Huffington Post. Retrieved December 24, 2012, from http//www. huffingtonpost. com/huff-wires/201212 20/us-gun-toting-teachers/? utm_hp_ref= viridity&ir=green Celock, J. (2012, December 18). Guns for teachers legislation on the rise in states. Breaking News and Opinion on The Huffington Post. Retrieved December 22, 2012, from http//www. huffingtonpost. com/2012/12/18/guns-for-teachers_n_2324095. html.

Contemporary Management Essay

The perfect heed forward motion attempted to put on logic and scientific methods to management of complex organisations, such as factories. It fictitious that at that place was one silk hat way to manage an enterprise. Classical commission comprises three different cash advancees Scientific Management, which represents Frederick W Taylors pull in, developed scientific principles of management, focal point on the individual, rather than the team and aimed to improve strength by production- form time studies, breaking each job down into its components and designing the quick and best methods of performing each component. He also encouraged employers to reinforcing stimulus productivity. Employees did the physical push back, managers did the planning and organising.According to Taylor, employees were motivated by money. From Taylors question emerged time studies, pop off studies and industrial engineering, making an important contribution to the primordial procedures of many an(prenominal) organisations. Bureaucratic Management emerged from the work of Max Weber, who developed an idealistic model organisation, hierarchical in structure, governed by a set of impersonal, noble rules and policies.Weber believed this was the most efficient way to organise and govern an enterprise. Henri Fayols Administrative Management assumed that 14 general principles of management could be apply to any situation or circumstance 1. division of work 2. authority 3. discipline 4. unity of command 5. unity of direction 6. supremacy of individual interest to the common good 7. remuneration 8. centralisation 9. pecking order 10. order 11. equity 12. stability of staff 13. initiative 14. espirit de corpsFayol sh ard out managerial activities into five functions planning, organising, commanding, coordinating and controlling. This idea set the basis for many sophisticated management techniques stressing keen-sighted central planning. The Human Relations approac h, focusing on work relationships as the key to improving workplace productivity, was divine by the Hawthorne studies performed by Elton mayo and Fritz Roethlisberger. They studied the effects of physical running(a) conditions on employee productivity and fatigue.These studies suggested that leaders are able to positively exploit employee motivation and productivity by showing concern for employee relationships. Mayo sight that a work mathematical group would establish its own informal group performance norm, which represented what it considered to be a fair level of performance. The work group would convince ratebusters to slow down and slackers to work faster. Mayos conclusion that work is a group activity had a big(p) influence on modern individual management.Two key aspects of the piece relations approach are employee motivation and leadership style. Pay loafer motivate only lower level needs and once those are satisfied, non-monetary factors such as praise, recognition , and job characteristics motivate human behaviour. Fayols Management approach emphasised maximum efficiency and productivity through sample operating procedures viewed money as the one true motivator for workers emphasize the need for managerial control and viewed organisations as machines.Taylors Scientific approach over-simplified the issues, emphasised the individual rather than the team and was hostile to trade unions and labour organisations. Whereas Fayol and Taylor both emphasised the production process and adjusted humans to this process, Mayos Human Relations approach emphasised the coordination of human and well-disposed elements in an organisation through consultation, participation, communication and leadership.However, the equation alone replaced rational economic man with emotional social man and this approach merely shifted the blame for poor performance from structural to personal attitudes and emotions. Both approaches held that there was one best way to manag e all organisations. Assess the relevancy of Classical Management theorists to the management of contemporary organisations. The modern assembly line pours out finished products faster than Taylor could ever have imagined. This production efficiency is just one legacy of Scientific Management.Its efficiency techniques have been applied to many tasks in non-industrial organisations, ranging from fast-food service to the training of surgeons. However, Taylors emphasis on productivity and speed placed undue pressures on employees to perform at faster and faster levels. This led to exploitation and resulted in more workers connector unions. Modern management is still viewed as a process that enables organisations to succeed their objectives by planning, organising and controlling their resources, as advocated by Fayol, but views gaining the commitment of their mployees through motivation as a key element. Hierarchical organisation (introduced by Fayol) has become the dominant, traditi onal mode of structure in large corporations and civilized/public service departments. In some cases this mechanistic model working best, however, the emphasis is on efficiency and control, whereas a greater balance amongst people and performance is generally considered the more desirable approach nowadays.Although the Classical Management (vertical/hierarchical) approach dominated organisational structure for decades, the Human Relations political campaign (horizontal/inter-departmental), encouraging adaptation to external changes, seems the more relevant approach for modern management. Contemporary management builds on the Classical and Behavioural approaches and goes beyond them. The Systems approach of different strokes for different folks finally put the one best way theory to bed and has dominated modern organisational analysis since the 1980s.The fortuity approach views the organisation as an organism, segmenting as it grows, each segment specialising in knowledge and ac tivity, all of which must cope with their external environment and meld harmoniously. The main difference between Classical and Contemporary approaches is the modern flavour that it is futile to search for one best way to manage an organisation. Instead, managers must take into account the internal and external environment to match the discriminate management practices to the surrounding circumstances for an effective outcome.

Ethnic Group Of Bangladesh Essay

start-off OF all(prenominal) I LIKE TO SHOW large(p) RESPECT TO OUR overlord FOR vainglorious ME AN ABILITY TO CARRY ON THIS TYPE OF ASSIGNMENT ON THE elbow room TO COMPLETION AND FINALIZATION TO MY SUCCESS. hence I WOULD LIKE TO give thanks OUR HONORABLE TEACHER SHAMSHAD CHOWDHURY FOR GIVING ME THE demonstrable IDEAS AND CLUES FOR THE ASSIGNMENT. ESPECIall(a)Y THANKS TO THE say-so OF SHANTO-MARIAM UNIVERSITY OF CREATIVE TECHNOLOGY FOR SELECTING THIS KIND OF SUBJECT THAT RE every(prenominal)Y WOULD BE A PI championER STEP ON OUR future tense AND TO MAKE A with child(p) PLAN FOR THE FURTHER ACTIVITIES AND TO THE NEAR NEXT 1 P a g e Ethnic root Of Bangladesh.1. Introduction BANGLADESH IS QUITE sizeable IN heathenish CULTURE. in that respect are about THIRTY-FIVE ETHNIC COMMUNITIES lifespan IN DIFFERENT bring outS OF THE COUN canvass. THE MAJOR ETHNIC COMMUNITIES ar CHAKMA, MURMA, GARO, SANTAL, HAJONG, TIPRA, KHASI, MURANG, SHENDHU, PANKO etcetera THEY STRUGGLE T O MAINTAIN THEIR tone STYLE, CULTURE AND PROTECT distinguishable apparitional judgmentS FROM THE INFLUENCE OF THE DOMINANT CULTURE AND RELIGIONS. IN THE conjugation AND northwestern BELT OF BANGLADESH A NUMBER OF ETHNIC COMMUNITIES feel WHO STILL maintain TO STRUGGLE HARD TO SUSTAIN THEIR ORIGINAL CULTURE AND TRADITIONAL HERITAGE.THE ADIVASIS IN THIS REGION COMPRISES OF SEVERAL GROUPS SANTAL, ORAON, MUNDA, MAHALI, MAHATO, MALPAHARA ETC. AMONG THE ETHNIC concourse IN THE labor union AND NORTHWESTERN BELT OF BANGLADESH SANTALS atomic number 18 LARGEST IN NUMBER. BUT Thither IS NO ACCURATE AND RELIABLE STATISTICS REGARDING THEIR positive POPULATION. at that place IS alike A GREAT DIFFERENCE amid THE OFFICIAL AND UNOFFICIAL FIGURES AND ESTIMATES. tally TO THE G overNMENT number OF 1991, THE ADIVASI POPULATION WAS ESTIMATED 3,14,337 IN 16 ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICT OF THE RAJSHAHI DIVISION. BUT AS CLAIMED BY AN INDIGENOUS residential area LEADER, BADLA ORAON OF DINAJPUR AD IVASI ACADEMY, THE.NUMBER OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN RAJSHAI DIVISION WAS 3,222,000 WAY BACK IN 1984. A SURVEY tell REVEALS THAT THE TOTAL POPULATION OF SANTAL IS 143932 IN DINAJPUR, RAJSHAHI, BOGRA, PABNA AND SOME former(a) arAS OF BANGLADESH. agree TO THE other SOURCES, THE TOTAL NUMBER OF SANTALS be MUCH HIGHER THAN ESTIMATED. MOST OF THE SCHOLARS excessively QUESTIONED THE AUTHENTICITY OF THE NUMERICAL DATA. IN THEIR OPINION, THE CENSUS TAKES LANGUAGE AS THE al-Qaida FOR IDENTIFYING any(prenominal) PERSON AS BENGALI OR INDIGENOUS. THEY create too entirelyEGED THAT THE EXISTING POLICY IS TO SHOW THE NUMBER LOWER THAN THE ACTUAL NUMBER. 2 P a g e.Ethnic root word Of Bangladesh 2. historic Background of the Santals SINCE HOW LONG THE SANTALS shootED IN THE TERRITORY OF PRESENT BANGLADESH, IS not PRECISELY KN avouch. SOME conceptualize THAT THE KHERWARS REACHED THE LAND OF BENGAL IMMEDIATELY afterward THE archetypical CLASHES WITH THE INVADING ARYAN commonwealthS (250 0 B. C. ). WITH E very PROBABILITY THE SANTALS LANDED IN BANGLADESH WITH THEIR ACTUAL ETHNIC identicalness, non AFTER 1000 B. C. IT IS PROBABLE THAT THE SANTALS SCATTERED end-to-end BENGAL AT THE TIME OF THE MUSLIM INVASION OF THIS REGION DURING THE conclusion DECADES OF THE twelfth part CENTURY OR AT THE BEGINNING OF THIRTEENTH CENTURY. IN THE haggling OF FR.LUIZI PUSSETTO THE SANTALS RETIRED PROGRESSIVELY TOWARD MORE CALM REGIONS OR WHERE IT WAS MORE EASY TO agree THEMSELVES FROM THE INVADERS IN LATER multiplication, WITH THE HISTORIC SANTAL REVOLUTION IN 1855 UNDER THE British COLONIAL RULE IN THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT, WHEN 30,000 THOUSAND SANTALS be gestateD TO welcome BEEN KILLED, IT IS BEYOND some(prenominal) DOUBT THAT partY OF THE SANTALS WERE DISPERSED INTO DISTANT LANDS AND geographically ISOLATED TERRITORIES.MANY OF THEM even up CROSSED THE RIVER GANGES AND END UP IN THE EAST, THE PART OF PRESENT BANGLADESH. MANY THINK THAT THE EARLY SANTALS CAME TO NORTH BEN GAL IN SEARCH FOR JOB OPPORTUNITIES, E particular(prenominal)LY WHEN THE RAILWAY TRACKS WERE UNDER structure during the British rule in the second half of the 19th century. This may be one of THE REASONS THAT MOST SANTALS IN BANGLADESH argon open remittal ON BOTH SIDES OF THE RAILWAY LINES FROM NORTH TO SOUTH.2. 1 THE pick up SANTAL REGARDING THE look up SANTAL, OPINIONS DIFFER AMONG THE SCHOLARS. FOR SKREFSRUD, THE anticipate SANTAL IS A CORRUPTION OF SAONTAR, AND WAS ADOPTED BY THE commonwealth AFTER THEIR SOJOURN FOR SEVERAL GENERATIONS IN THE COUNTRY near SAONT IN MIDNAPUR. W. B. OLDHAM OPINED THAT SANTAL IS AN ABBREVIATION OF SAMANTAWALA, WHICH HAS ITS ETYMOLOGY FROM SANSKRIT SAMANTA, A nonHER NAME GIVEN TO THE COUNTRY AROUND SAONT.OMALLEY IS OF THE OPINION THAT SANTAL IS AN ENGLISH FORM ADOPTED FROM HINDI WHICH CORRESPONDS WITH THE FORM SAOTAL utilize BY THE BENGALI SPEAKING PEOPLE. MOST ANTHROPOLOGISTS AGREE THAT SANTAL IS A NAME GIVEN TO THIS TRIBE BY NON-SANTALS. H OWEVER, SANTALS PREFER TO CALL THEMSELVES HOR imagineING valet existence OR PERSON. FOR THE SANTALS THE CONCEPT HOR resistS A RICH CON nonATION TO MEAN A PERSON WITH QUALITIES OF INTELLECT, OF KNOWLEDGE, OF WISDOM THEY REFER THEMSELVES AS A TRIBE WITH DIGNITY AND FULL human POTENTIALITY.THE SANTALS ARE PROUD OF THEIR IDENTITY THAT DEFINES THE TRAITS OF SOLIDARITY AND uniqueness AS A GROUP. 3 P a g e Ethnic aggroup Of Bangladesh 2. 2 ORIGIN, RACE, AND LANGUAGE AS TO THE ORIGIN OF THE SANTALS, actually LITTLE IS know FOR certain. THE SANTALS stir NO RECORDED invoice. LIKE other ANCIENT SOCIETIES, SANTALS ache TRIED TO EXPLORE THE MYSTERIES OF CREATION, HISTORY AND liveliness BY MEANS OF MYTHS AND LEGENDS. FOLLOWING THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL DATA, SOME AUTHORS CLASSIFY SANTALS AS PRE-DRAVIDIAN AND separateS AS PROTO-AUSTROLOIDSAND OTHERS AS ABORIGINALS OF THE NORTHWEST. THUS, THE OPINIONS IN THIS RESPECT ARE VERY DISCORDANT. THE SANTALS DO cast off THEIR OWN MYTHOLOGY OF CRE ATION AND MANY BELIEVE THAT THEY ALL bring on incur FROM PILCU HARAM AND PILCU BUDHI, WHICH IS LIKE ADAM AND EVE IN THE BIBLE. SANTALI IS THE MOTHER TONGUE speak BY THE SANTALS. IT IS A MUNDA LANGUAGE OF THE KHERWAR GROUP THAT BELONGS TO THE MUNDA-MON-KHMER OR AUSTRO-ASIATIC SUB-FAMILY.BUT in that respect ARE OTHER DIFFERENT OPINIONS ON THIS TOO. ACCORDING TO N. PRASAD, SANTALI IS THE RICHEST DIALECT AMONG ALL THE TRIBAL DIALECTS OF BIHAR. 2. 3 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION IN BANGLADESH, THE SANTALS ARE FOUND in the main IN NORTH BENGAL (NORTHERN PART OF BANGLADESH) ESPECIALLY IN THE THEN GREATER DISTRICTS OF DINAJPUR, RANGPUR, BOGRA, AND RAJSHAHI.ACCORDING TO THE CENSUS OF 1881, THE SANTALS RESULTED PRESENT IN THE DISTRICT OF KHULNA, PABNA AND CHITTAGONG IN THE SOUTH. MANY SAY THAT THE SANTALS, WHO ARE IN SYLHET, ARE THE ONES WHO MIGRATED FROM THE DISTRICTS MENTIONED supra AND CAME HERE chiefly TO WORK IN THE TEA GARDENS AS LABORERS. IN SHORT, THE SANTALS OF BANGLADESH ARE ALMOST A LL DERIVED FROM THOSE EMIGRATED FROM THE SANTAL PARGANA IN INDIA AND NOTHING happen uponES THEM FROM THOSE WHO ARE STILL hold on that point, WITH THE EXCEPTION, PERHAPS OF THE USE OF BANGLA WORDS THAT ARE SANTALIZED.IN RECENT TIMES SOME OF THE BANGLADESHI SANTALS withal STARTED GOING ABROAD TAKING study OPPORTUNITIES. 4 P a g e Ethnic Group Of Bangladesh 3. THE WORLDVIEW THE SANTALS ARE mere(a) AND UNSOPHISTICATED PEOPLE. LIKE ANY OTHER PEOPLE, THE SANTALS crap DEVELOPED THEIR OWN WORLDVIEW, A SYSTEM SUITED TO DEAL WITH THE prefatory PROBLEMS OF LIFE AND ITS MEANING. THEY HAVE PERCEIVED THE ENIGMA AND THE BASIC DICHOTOMY OF gentle EXISTENCELIFE AND DEATH, GOOD AND EVIL FROM THEIR OWN PERSPECTIVE. FOR THE SANTALS, LIFE, HEALTH, WEALTH, PROSPERITY, HAPPINESS, TRIBAL SOLIDARITY, spectral BELIEF, MORES, ETC., ARE GOODAND DEATH, ILLNESS, POVERTY, MISFORTUNE, INJURY ETC. ARE EVIL. THEIR unearthly EXPERIENCES IS MEDIATED done THEIR CULTURE AND ARE EXPRESSED IN cost OF SYMBOLS , METAPHORS, MYTH, LEGENDS, FOLKLORE, SONGS, CULT, religious riteS AND SO ON. THE Santals consider Th kur Jiu ? (Life Giver) or Cando Baba (Sun Father) or Marang BURU (GREAT MOUNTAIN) AS THE SOURCE OF ALL GOOD WHILE IT IS THE EVIL EYE, THE condemnable mouth and the b ric bonga ? or malevolent spirits who cause harms in human LIFE. THEREFORE, WHILE ACKNOWLEDGING THE coercive BEING, THEY too PROPITIATE THE.BONGA IN AN attack TO SOLVE THE PROBLEMS OF SUFFERING, SICKNESS, AND OTHER CRISIS. ALL THESE QUITE OFTEN LEAD THEM TO irrational BELIEFS AND GIVE RISE TO PROMINENCE OF THE FEAR OF THE BONGA. FOR THE SANTALS EVERY NEWBORN electric shaver COMING FROM THE INVISIBLE AND SHADOWY WORLD take TO BE PURIFIED, identify AND INTRODUCED TO THE SANTAL golf club. MUCH OF such REALITIES ARE EXPRESSED THROUGH THE RITUAL CEREMONIES PERFORMED AFTER A CHILD IS born. The ritual of the janam ch ti r? ? (birth purification and name-giving ritual) is ONE EXAMPLE WHERE THESE ASPECTS ARE ENACTED THR OUGH BATHING, SHAVING THE idea OF.THE BABY, DIVINING OF ARWA RICE (UNBOILED RICE) GRAINS AND welcome OF THE BABY BY THE club. THE DEATH PURIFICATION CEREMONIES LIKE FUNERAL RITES OF BHANDAN, OR MORA KARAM (AFTER-DEATH CELEBRATION) digest FURTHER DETAILS OF THE SANTAL-BELIEF SYSTEM THAT THE utterly PERSON GOES BACK TO THE uniform SPIRIT-WORLD OF LIFE FROM WHERE HE/SHE HAD COME AS A BABY AND carcass DEFILED AND DEFILING, FOR WHICH REASON NOT besides THE FAMILY THAT NEEDS PURIFICATION, BUT THE VERY RETURN OF THE DECEASED.PERSON TO ITS ORIGINAL STATE OR SHADOWY-WORLD IS ALREADY DEFILING BECAUSE IT IS A TRIBELESS-STATE, CONDEMNED AND SINFUL STATE AND BECAUSE IT HAS BEEN CREATED FOR THE PUNISHMENT OF THE SINS OF GREED AND PRIDE. HENCE, THE DECEASED PERSON NEEDS TO BE BROUGHT BACK 5 P a g e Ethnic Group Of Bangladesh spiritualLY TO HIS/HER OWN FAMILY AND IS INSTALLED AS AN INVISIBLE genus Phallus AS HAPRAM (ANCESTOR). THE DECEASED, ALTHOUGH INVISIBLE, cover A PERMANENT constitue nt OF THE FAMILY AND ARE REMEMBERED AND reckon DURING ALL THEIR FAMILY causationS.THE SANTALS BELIEVE THAT WHEN A world BEING BECOMES PERFECTLY plain FROM ALL GREED AND PRIDE THIS STATE allow for BE REMOVED AND THAT WILL BE THE NEW CREATION, WHICH IN CHRISTIANITY MAY BE COMPARED WITH THE STATE OF SALVATION. FOR THE SANTALS, THERE IS NO CLEAR DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE unutterable AND THE PROFANE, RELIGIOUS AND NON-RELIGIOUS, unearthly AND THE MATERIAL AREAS OF LIFE. wightS AND THE MATERIAL WORLD ARE AT THE DISPOSAL OF humankind BEINGS FOR THEIR SELF-PRESERVATION AND healthful-BEING.MOREOVER, SANTAL-LIFE IS CLOSELY RELATED TO reputation AND TO THE altogether OF CREATION. LAND AND FOREST REMAIN UNITED WITH SANTAL-IDENTITY AND ARE VERY MUCH REFLECTED IN THEIR LIVES, LOVE, POETRY, SONGS, DANCE AND MUSIC. THE SANTALS, FOR EXAMPLE, court TO THE SUPREME BEING AS washstandDO BABA (SUN mystify) AND THE STARS.TOO HAVE DIFFERENT NAMES. ACCORDING TO ARCHER, ALTHOUGH FIELDS, menageS, MEN AND WOMEN SEEM TO CONSTITUTE A SANTAL hamlet, SANTALS REGARD THEM AS AT MOST A PORTION OF THEIR TOTAL WORLD. 6 P a g e Ethnic Group Of Bangladesh 4. THE SANTALS IN THEIR SOCIO-CULTURAL REALITIES 4. 1 THE SANTAL- small town THE SANTAL village IS A PATTERN OF SANTAL LIVING AND IT IS THE MOST TRADITIONAL AND ANCIENT INSTITUTION, WHICH CRYSTALLIZES THE WHOLE SYSTEM OF affectionate, policy-making, AND RITUAL STRUCTURES. IT COMES INTO EXISTENCE THROUGH THE SPECIAL DISPENSATION OF THE BONGA AND IS SANCTIFIED BY THEIR BLESSINGS. THE PRESENCE OF.DIFFERENT CLANS IN A hamlet DEMONSTRATES THE BEAUTY OF A COMMUNITY LIVING AND OBVIOUSLY THE republican CHARACTER OF THE hamlet government ITSELF IS A SIGN OF INCREDIBLE RICHNESS OF THE SANTAL SOCIETAL DEALING AND LIVING. A SANTAL VILLAGE IS DEMARCATED WITH AN IMPLICIT BOUNDARY SO THAT IT MAY REMAIN FREE FROM distant INTERFERENCE OF EVIL enliven. THE SANTALS BELIEVE THAT QUARRELS AMONG FAMILIES AND GROUPS IN THE VILLAGE, NATURAL CALAMI TIES, SICKNESS, EPIDEMICS, ETC. , ARE CA apply BY escape OF BALANCE BETWEEN THE FORCES OF GOOD AND EVIL. 4. 2 SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF SANTAL VILLAGE THE PRIMARY FEATURE OF EVERY SANTAL.VILLAGE IS THE MANJHI COUNCIL OR THE VILLAGE COUNCIL HEADED BY A MANJHI (HEADMAN). THE VILLAGE COUNCIL IS THE REPRESENTATIVE trunk OF THE COMMUNITY CONSISTING OF SEVEN OFFICIALS, NAMELY MANJHI, PARANIK (A DEPUTY HEADMAN), JOG MANJHI (AN OVERSEER OF THE VILLAGE ON MORAL ISSUES), JOG PARANIK (ASSISTANT TO JOG MANJHI), GODET (A MESSENGER), NAEKE (A village priest), and his assistant is Kud m Naeke?. These OFFICIALS IN FACT ARE THE SERVANTS, NOT THE MASTERS OF THE village and their component is purely functional. The M njhi? remains as the overall LEADER OF THE VILLAGE COUNCIL AND PRESIDES OVER THE VILLAGE MEETING BUT WITH THE. recognized PRINCIPLE THAT NO ONE OVERRULES ANY ONE ELSE. THE FUNCTIONS OF THE COUNCIL ON THE OTHER HAND, ARE unconditionally DIVIDED AMONG THE MEMBERS IN ORDER TO AVOID ANY OVERLAP PING. THE COUNCIL MEMBERS PERFORM THEIR FUNCTIONS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THEIR TRIBAL CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS. THE PATTERN OF THE VILLAGE GOVERNANCE OF THE SANTALS IS MOSTLY DEMOCRATIC IN CHARACTER LIKE ANY OTHER DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTION. HOWEVER IN PRESENT TIME, WITH THE INTRODUCTION OF THE GOVERNMENT-SPONSORED UNION PARISAD ( local anaesthetic ADMINISTRATIVE COUNCIL) THE SOCIAL CONTROL OF THE TRADITIONAL m njhi ? council of the Santals is mostly undermined.7 P a g e Ethnic Group Of Bangladesh FOLLOWING THE PATRIARCHAL PATTERN, THE MANJHI (LEADER) OF THE VILLAGE FOR THE SANTALS, IS ALWAYS A masculine. THE TITLE OF THE MANJHI IS full generalLY HEREDITARY AND IT IS PASSED ON PATRILINEALLY. NOW-A-DAYS, THE MALE MEMBERS OF THE VILLAGE MAY ELECT OR EVEN SELECT THEIR OWN HEADMAN UPON COMMON CONSENSUS. THE TERM OF situation IS INDEFINITE BUT provoke BE ALTERED BY GENERAL AGREEMENT ACCORDING TO THE NEED.ALTHOUGH THE OFFICE OF THE HEADMAN IS VOLUNTARY AND HONORARY IN NATURE, THE MEMBERS OF TH E MANJHI COUNCIL ARE RESPONSIBLE TO THE COMMUNITY FOR THE SMOOTH RUNNING OF THE VILLAGE PARTICULARLY FOR SOCIAL MATTERS. 4. 3 THE CLANS SANTALS ARE ENDOGAMIC AS A PEOPLE BECAUSE THEY CANNOT GET MARRIED OUTSIDE THEIR TRIBE, BUT THEY ARE EXOGAMIC AS CLAN BECAUSE THEY CANNOT BE marry between the same clan (p ris? ).Traditionally the Santals used to have FOSTERED A TOTAL OF TWELVE CLANS BUT alas IN THE COURSE OF HISTORY ONE HAS BEEN MISSING. THE CLANS ARE 1) BASKEY, 2) BESRA, 3) CORE, 4) HASDAK, 5) Hembrom, 6) Kisku, 7) Marandi, 8) Murmu, 9) P uria, 10) Soren, 11) Tudu, and ? 12) BEDEA (THE LOST ONE). MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF THE CLANS ARE TO scotch MARRIAGE, INHERITANCE, SUCCESSION AND AFFILIATION (ALI 1988 ALSO HOSSAIN 2000). ONE BECOMES A CLAN MEMBER BY BIRTH. IT IS SAID THAT THESE CLANS ARE HIERARCHICALLY ORDERED ON THE base OF OCCUPATION, LIKE Kisku raja (king), Marandi Kipis r ? (wealthy or richer), Murmu Th kur ? (priest), Soren Sip hi ? (warrior), Tudu M nd ri ? ? ? (musician), an d so on and so forth.HOWEVER, ACCORDING TO THE RESEARCHER, THESE occupational HIERARCHIES OF STATUS DO NOT HAVE ANY IMPACT ON THE SANTALS IN chance(a) LIVES. 4. 4 FAMILY AND MARRIAGE FAMILY IS THE PRIMARY UNIT OF HUMAN hostelry. THE FAMILY AMONG THE SANTALS CAN BE TERMED AS OF BIOLOGICAL, JOINT, AND EXTENDED. A.HUSBAND, HIS WIFE AND THEIR divorced CHILDREN FORM PART OF THE BIOLOGICAL OR NUCLEAR FAMILY. A HUSBAND, HIS WIFE AND HIS MARRIED AND UNMARRIED SONS AND DAUGHTERS AND SOMETIMES HIS OLD PARENTS, BROTHER AND HIS FAMILY FORM PART OF THE JOINT FAMILY OR EXTENDED FAMILY TYPE. ACCORDING TO THE SANTALS, MARRIAGE IS AN UNION BETWEEN A MAN AND A WOMAN, WHICH IS SOCIALLY RECOGNIZED CULTURALLY AND RELIGIOUSLY IT ALLOWS THE suspender TO LIVE IN A FAMILY. A SANTAL MARRIAGE CAN BE describe ALSO AS A LEGAL TRANSFER OF DEPENDENCY OF THE 8 P a g e Ethnic Group Of Bangladesh BRIDE, FROM HER FATHERS FAMILY TO THE GROOMS FAMILY.BY THIS TRANSFER, THE GROOMS FAMILY DOES NOT ONLY ASSUME GUARDIA NSHIP BUT ALSO ASSUMES CONTROL OVER ALL HER AFFAIRS. THROUGH MARRIAGE THE BRIDE LOOSES HER PATERNAL LEGAL IDENTITY AND ACQUIRES THE IDENTITY OF THE GROOMS FAMILY. IN THE INSTITUTIONAL SENSE, MARRIAGE IS THE PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN A MAN AND A WOMAN REGULATED BY prevalent LAWS THAT ENHANCE LEGAL UNION BETWEEN THE SEXES AND DEFINE THE PROCEDURES FOR ESTABLISHING THE HUSBAND-WIFE RELATION, THE RECIPROCAL OBLIGATIONS AND THE ACCEPTED RESTRICTIONS UPON ITS PERSONNEL. AS TO THE ORIGIN AND INSTITUTION OF MARRIAGE, THE SANTALS BELIEVE THAT THE CREATOR.HIMSELF HAS ESTABLISHED MARRIAGE. THAT IS, THE THAKUR JIU WHO CREATED THE early HUMAN PAIR (PILCU HARAM AND PILCU BUDHI) HAS ALSO INSTITUTED MARRIAGE. ALTHOUGH THERE ARE SOME INSTANCES OF POLYGAMY, MONOGAMY IS THE NATURE OF MOST SANTAL MARRIAGES. BESIDES SERVING SEXUAL NEEDS AND PROCREATION OF HEIRS, A SANTAL MARRIAGE HAS ALSO OTHER PURPOSES, SUCH AS COMPANIONSHIP, FORMATION OF FAMILY, sparing SECURITY, COOPERATION IN THE FAMILY ENTERPRISE, SOC IAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SECURITY, ETC. THUS, SANTAL MARRIAGE IS NOT ONLY BETWEEN ii PERSONS OF OPPOSITE SEX BUT IT ALSO BECOMES A BOND OF UNION BETWEEN TWO FAMILIES, TWO VILLAGES, AND.ALSO INFLUENCES THE one shot OF RELATIONSHIP AMONG THE RELATIVES. M. A. JALIL MENTIONS FOUR TYPES OF MARRIAGE AMONG THE SANTALS IN BANGLADESH. THESE ARE 1) DANGWA BAPLA (CONTACT MARRIAGE), 2) ANGIR BAPLA (LOVE MARRIAGE), 3) OR BAPLA (FORCE MARRIAGE), AND 4) ITUT BAPLA (TACTICAL MARRIAGE). MOREOVER, SANTALS DO HAVE EXCEPTIONS ESPECIALLY IN THE moorage OF MARRIAGE BETWEEN CANDIDATES OF THE akin CLAN. FOR EXAMPLE, WHEN THE MARRIAGE OF A YOUNG COUPLE OF THE SAME CLAN FOR A VALID REASON BECOMES NECESSARY, AND CONSANGUINITY OR AFFINITY DOES NOT veto IT, THEY APPLY A JURIDICAL PRETENSE.IN SUCH CASE, AN ELDERLY COUPLE OF A DIFFERENT CLAN, ADOPTS THE BRIDE AS THEIR DAUGHTER THROUGH A SIMPLE RITUAL CEREMONY AND GIVES THE PROPER NAME TO HER. 4. 5 annual feastS AND CEREMONIES THE SANTAL SOCIETY IS MARKED WITH FEASTS, FESTIVALS AND RITUAL CELEBRATIONS. ONE OF THE TERMS OFTEN used by the Santals is r sk? ? meaning happiness, or joy, WHICH IS NOT ONLY DEAR TO THEIR wagon BUT IS PART AND PARCEL OF THEIR LIFE. THUS, WE FIND DANCING AND SINGING HAVE A VERY IMPORTANT routine AT EVERY FESTIVAL OCCASION. IT BRINGS A SANTAL TO FORGET WORRIES AND STRESSES OF HIS OR HER 9 P a g e.Ethnic Group Of Bangladesh DAY-TO-DAY LIFE. IN THE SOCIAL LIFE OF THE SANTALS, FEASTS AND FESTIVALS HAVE GREAT SIGNIFICANCE FOR THESE ARE THE LIVING EXPRESSION OF THE DEEP goal OF JOY AND HAPPINESS, AND ALSO DEMONSTRATE THE FEELING OF COMMUNITY AND SOLIDARITY INTEGRATED AS PART OF THE NATURE OF THE SANTALS. MANY OF SUCH CHARACTERISTICS ARE EXPRESSED IN SONGS, MUSIC AND IN DANCE. IN FACT, THE SANTALS DONT GIVE ANY SPACE TO INDIVIDUALISM AND IT IS REALLY DURING THE FEASTS AND FESTIVALS THAT AN INDIVIDUAL REALIZES HIMSELF OR HERSELF IN THE COMMUNITY AND HIS OR HER FUTURE ROLE IN THE LIFE OF THE COMMUNITY.ALTHOUGH, MOST OF THESE FESTIVALS manifestly APPEAR AS unsullied GATHERING OF CLOSE FRIENDS AND RELATIVES, INDIVIDUALS OF THE SAME SUB-CLAN OR THAT CONCERN ONLY THE INHABITANTS OF A VILLAGE YET, THERE ARE ALSO OCCASIONS THAT INVOLVE MORE VILLAGES, AS IT USUALLY HAPPENS ON THE OCCASION OF MARRIAGE WHEN PARTICIPATION IS MOSTLY UNANIMOUS. IN ANY OF THESE FEASTS AND FESTIVALS, THERE ARE CERTAIN RITES AND RITUALS BEING FOLLOWED OFTEN ACCOMPANIED BY SIMPLE crack AT THE CENTER. ABLUTIONS AND UNCTION OF OIL, THE USE OF VERMILION TO MARK THE SACRIFICIAL dupe AND EVEN BEING USED BY THE PARTICIPANTS, BEARS A GREATER SIGNIFICANCE.IN FACT, SOME OF THESE FESTIVAL PERFORMANCES CONSIST OF SOME SORT OF WORSHIP OR FOLK CULTS. FROM THE RITES AND FESTIVALS OF THE SANTALS, IT IS QUITE CLEAR THAT THEIR ECONOMIC LIFE, SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND RITUAL PERFORMANCES ARE INTERWOVEN MAINLY AROUND AGRICULTURE. THE SANTALS BELIEVE THAT THE ASPECTS OF MATERIAL LIFE mustiness BE PROTECTED AND GUARDED BY APPROPRIATE RITES AND FES TIVALS AND BONGA (SPIRITS) MUST BE SATISFIED BY GIVING THEIR ascribable SHARES. MANY OF THE SOCIO-CULTURAL FESTIVALS AND ritualistic CELEBRATIONS INDICATE THAT SANTALS.HAVE DEEPER INSIGHTS THAT GO BEYOND MERE EXTERNAL CELEBRATIONS. HOWEVER, DUE TO THE SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THIS STUDY, WE ONLY MENTION SOME MAIN ANNUAL FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES COMMONLY OBSERVED LIKE SOHORAE (HARVEST FESTIVAL), BAHA (FLOWER festival), Erok (sowing of rice seeds in the field), Iri-Gundli N wai? (offering of THE FIRST FRUITS OF THE MILLET IRI), JANTHAR (OFFERING OF THE FIRST FRUITS OF THE WINTER RICE CROP). SANTALS ALSO HAVE OCCASIONAL RITES AND FESTIVALS, WHICH ARE NEITHER ASSOCIATED WITH AGRICULTURAL OPERATIONS NOR PERFORMED ANNUALLY. SOME OF THESE ARE JOM SIM, MAK MORE AND KARAM.10 P a g e Ethnic Group Of Bangladesh 5. SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL REALITIES 5. 1 OCCUPATIONS AND LIVING TRADITIONALLY SANTALS ARE MAINLY AGRICULTURISTS. THEY CLING TO THEIR LAND AS THEIR PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION AND MEANS OF SUBSISTENCE. ABOUT 95% OF THE SANTALS ARE INVOLVED IN AGRICULTURAL OPERATIONS. INDUSTRIOUS AND HARDWORKING AS THEY ARE, UNFORTUNATELY THE SCIENTIFIC SIDE OF THEIR KNOWLEDGE ABOUT CULTIVATION AND MANAGING THEIR LAND HAS NOT BEEN DEVELOPED. IN THE PAST THE MAJORITY OF THE SANTALS WERE LANDOWNERS, BUT DUE TO THE INCREASE IN POPULATION, EXPLOITATION BY MONEYLENDERS AND LANDLORDS, ILLEGAL.OCCUPATION OF THEIR LAND, POVERTY AND ILLITERACY, NATURAL CALAMITIES ETC. THE large MAJORITY OF THE SANTALS IN BANGLADESH HAVE LOST THEIR LAND PROPERTIES. AT PRESENT, to the highest degree 80% OF THE SANTALS ARE LAND-LESS, FORCING THEM TO EARN THEIR LIVELIHOOD DEPENDING ON THE MERCY AND handiness OF WORK IN THE FIELDS OF THEIR MUSLIM OR HINDU NEIGHBORS FOR THEIR MERE SUBSISTENCE. YET, IT IS SIGNIFICANT TO NOTE THAT TRADITIONALLY THERE ARE NO BEGGARS AMONG THE SANTALS. sooner, THE SANTALS IN THE TIME OF DIRE POVERTY GO TO THE JUNGLE TO COLLECT tearing PLANTS, FRUITS, WILD POTATOES AND ROOTS OF YOU NG SHOOTS, FLOWERS, MUSHROOMS, ETC.HUNTING AND FISHING THAT USED TO BE PART OF SANTAL-LIVING, HAVE NOW BECOME SECONDARY greatness DUE TO THE CHANGE OF SITUATION. LACK OF EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN THE VILLAGE AREAS, ALSO FORCED MANY SANTALS TO FLOCK TO THE NEARBY TOWNS AND CITIES IN SEARCH OF DAILY WAGES AND JOBS. THE WOMEN IN SANTAL SOCIETY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MAINTAINING THEIR FAMILIES BUT IN REALITY THEY REMAIN DEPRIVED OF THEIR EQUAL RIGHT, WHICH IS REFLECTED BY THE FACT THAT WOMEN ARE NOT ELIGIBLE FOR THE INHERITANCE OF PROPERTIES. SANTALS HAVE never BEEN FOUND TO BE provoke IN COMMERCE OR ANY SUCH PROFESSIONTO AVAIL OF ECONOMIC SELF-RELIANCE. THIS IS ONE OF THE REASONS WHY. THEY REMAIN RATHER MARGINALIZED INVITING POVERTY IN THEIR LIVES. MOREOVER, MOST SANTALS DO NOT THINK ABOUT FUTURE, RATHER THEY ARE MORE CONCERNED FOR THE DAY ITS A DAY-TO-DAY LIVING AND THEY REMAIN SATISFIED AND HAPPY WITH THE LITTLE THEY CAN HAVE FOR MAINTAINING THEIR FAMILY. HOWEVER, DUE TO SOME PROGRESS IN EDUCATION, A bittie NUMBER OF SANTALS HAVE BEEN ABLE TO MAKE LITTLE CHANGES IN THEIR WAY OF LIVING. 11 P a g e Ethnic Group Of Bangladesh SOME HAVE TAKEN UP MODERN PROFESSIONS LIKE TEACHINGS, technological ASSISTANCE, JUDICIAL ADVOCACY, NURSING ETC. 5. 2 POLITICAL REALITY SANTALS, A PEACE LOVING PEOPLE HAVE NEVER BEEN FOUND INTERESTED IN POLITICS. YET, THEY HAVE ALWAYS REACTED WHEN THINGS WENT SEVERELY PAINFUL AND THEY WERE PUSHED AGAINST THE WALL WHEN THEY COULD NOT BEAR ANYMORE. THE HISTORIC SANTAL REVOLUTION IN 1855-56, THE TEBHAGA ANDOLON (SHARE CROPPERS MOVEMENT) IN 1945, AND THE NACHOL BIDROHO (FARMERS REVOLUTION) IN THE family 1950, ARE THE CONCRETE EXAMPLES OF THE PAST. IN FACT, SANTALS HAVE ALWAYS BEEN USED BY OTHERS IN THE FOREFRONT BATTLE. ILLITERACY, ABSENCE OF ORGANIZATIONAL SET UP AND LACK OF GENUINE.LEADERSHIP HAVE KEPT THE SANTALS FAR FROM ACHIEVING ANY END RESULT. IN RECENT social classS, SOME OF THE SANTALS HAVE BEEN FOUND TO TAKE ACTIVE ROLE IN THE LOCAL POLITICS BY THEIR PARTICIPATION IN THE LOCAL ELECTION. 12 P a g e Ethnic Group Of Bangladesh 6. BELIEFS AND RITUAL PRACTICES 6. 1 THE BELIEF IN ONE SUPREME BEING AS IT HAS ALREADY BEEN MENTIONED EARLIER, SANTALS DO BELIEVE IN ONE SUPREME BEING WHOM THEY CALL THAKUR JIU (LIFE GIVER) OR MARANG BURU (GREAT MOUNTAIN) WHO IS CONSIDERED TO BE THE SUPREME AMONG ALL THE RELIGIOUS BEINGS. THE MOST COMMON SANTAL-TERM USED FOR THE SUPREME BEING.THESE DAYS IS CANDO BABA (SUN FATHER). ACCORDING TO THE EXPERIENCE OF THE RESEARCHER THE SANTALS HERE DO NOT REFER literally TO THE SUN ITSELF RATHER, IT IS AN EXPRESSION OF A comprehend ACTIVITY EXPRESSION OF DIVINE LOVE IN RELATION TO HUMAN BEINGS. FOR THE SANTALS, CANDO BABA IS A BENEVOLENT idol WHO ORGANIZES THE DAYS AND NIGHTS AND IS RESPONSIBLE FOR HEAT AND COLD, RAIN AND SUNSHINE AND FROM A home plate SOMEWHERE IN THE SKY, ALLOTS EACH SANTAL A TERM OF LIFE HERE ON EARTH. BUT, HE STAYS FAR AWAY, FAR ABOVE THE SKY AND CANNOT BE REACHED. IT IS UNDERNEATH.THE SUN, BENEATH THE CLOUDS, THAT SANTAL LIFE IS CHALLENGED. HERE THE BONGA ROAM AROUND AND ONLY BY COMING TO TERMS WITH THEM CAN SANTALS BE HAPPY. 6. 2 THE BELIEF IN BONGA (SPIRITS) THE SANTALS BELIEVE IN THE EXISTENCE OF THE SPIRITS WHO ARE CALLED BONGA. THE BONGA HAVE MUCH REPERCUSSION ON DAILY LIVING OF THE SANTALS. TO attend THEIR CONTINUING CARE, BESIDE ANNUAL SACRIFICES, THE BONGA ARE REMEMBERED IN A DAILY BASIS. WHENEVER A MEAL IS TAKEN, A SMALL PORTION OF THE FOOD IS DROPPED ON THE embellish FOR THE BONGA, OR AT THE TIME WHENEVER RICE-BEER IS DRUNK, A LITTLE IS SPILT ON THE dry land FOR MARANG BURU.THUS, THE SANTALS LIVE NOT ONLY IN THEIR TRIBAL SOCIETY BUT IN A GREATER SOCIETY CONSISTING OF SUPERNATURAL BEINGS AS WELL. IN PRACTICE, THE SANTALS OFTEN USE THE TERM BONGA MEANING TO INCORPORATE person INTO THE SOCIETY BY DOING CERTAIN RITUAL. THE PHRASE USED IN THIS CASE IS BONGA TALA KEDEAKO MEANING, HE/SHE HAS BEEN ADMITTED INTO SANTAL SOCIETY. ACCORDING TO THE SANTAL RELIGIOUS BELIEF THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF BONGATHE evil AND THE BENEVOLENT ONES. THE BONGA-WORSHIP IS PRIMARILY TO PLEASE AND TO INVOKE THE POWERS OF THE BENEVOLENT BONGA AND TO forfend THE ILL WILL OF THE MALEVOLENT BONGA.IN THE WORSHIP OF BONGA WE CAN DISTINGUISH ANALYTICALLY TWO INTERRELATED ASPECTS 13 P a g e Ethnic Group Of Bangladesh A) THE OBJECTIVE ASPECT OF THE RELIGIOUS RITES IS TO HAVE AN ALLIANCE WITH THE BENEVOLENT BONGA AND THEREBY CONTROLLING OR EVEN DEFEATING THE POWERS OF THE MALEVOLENT BONGA AND B) THE EXPRESSIVE ASPECT OF THE WORSHIP IS MANIFESTED THROUGH VARIOUS SEASONAL AND RELIGIOUS RITES, FESTIVALS AND RITES ASSOCIATED WITH VARIOUS SOCIAL RITUALS. SANTALS HAVE AN INNATE RELATIONSHIP WITH THEIR BONGA AND CONSIDER THEMSELVES LIVING WITH THEM.THIS RELATIONSHIP IS MOSTLY OF DEPENDENCE, SUBMISSION, PROPITIATION AND REVERENTIAL FEAR. THE SANTALS DO SUPPLICATIONS OFFER RICE-BEER AND ANIMAL SACRIFICES IN THE NAME OF THE BONGA. IT IS WORTH MENTIONING THAT THERE ARE INSTANCES AMONG THE SANTALS IN THE country VILLAGES WHERE PERSONS EVEN IN TIME OF SERIOUS SICKNESS WOULD NOT typeface FOR MEDICAL care INSTEAD LEAVE IT TO THE BONGA TO BE CURED. 6. 3 BELIEF IN WITCHCRAFT RELATED TO SANTAL BELIEF-SYSTEM, IS ALSO THE EXISTENCE OF WITCHES. THE SANTALS BELIEVE THAT THERE ARE CERTAIN PEOPLE, ESPECIALLY WOMEN, WHO POSSESS SPECIAL POWER AND TECHNIQUES TO abuse PEOPLE, CATTLE, AND CROPS.THESE SO-CALLED WITCHES ARE INVOLVED IN DOING HARMFUL ACTIVITIES LIKE GIVING POISONS, TAKING OUT HUMAN LIVERS, SENDING TROUBLESOME SPIRITS TO CERTAIN FAMILIES AND CHANGING THEMSELVES INTO BLACK CATS. BECAUSE OF SUCH BELIEF IN WITCHCRAFT PRACTICES, THE SANTALS tardily SUSPECT ONE ANOTHER, AND ARE OFTEN LED TO FIGHT. IT IS PRESUMED THAT IT IS ESSENTIAL TO HAVE SUCH A BELIEF ESPECIALLY IN THE PAGAN WORLD. HOWEVER, THERE IS ALSO A COUNTER-BELIEF AMONG THE SANTALS THAT THERE ARE CERTAIN PEOPLE OJHA-JANGURU (SPECIALISTS), MAINLY MEN, WHO POSSESS SPECIAL POWER AND.T ECHNIQUES FOR DETECTING WITCHES AND NULLIFYING THEIR SPELLS. THUS, WHENEVER SANTALS GET INTO TROUBLE, THEY SEEK THE HELP OF THESE PEOPLE WHO, MORE OFTEN EXPLOIT THE SOCIETY. REFERRING TO THE SICKNESS AND OTHER PROBLEMS, THE SANTALS BELIEVE THAT THEY ARE CAUSED BY THE EVIL SPIRITS WHEN THEY BECOME DISSATISFIED WITH THE SACRIFICES OF THE PEOPLE OR WHEN THEY THINK THAT THEY ARE BEING MANIPULATED BY SOME evil PEOPLE (WITCHES). THEREFORE, THE SANTALS TRY TO IDENTIFY THE AGENTS OF THE TROUBLE THROUGH THE HELP OF OJHAJANGURU AND TRY TO PACIFY EACH AGENT THROUGH VARIOUS SACRIFICES. 14 P a g e.Ethnic Group Of Bangladesh 6. 4 THE ANCESTORS FROM THE RITES AND RITUALS AS unspoiled BY THE SANTALS, IT IS QUITE EVIDENT THAT ANCESTOR-WORSHIP IS A COMMON FEATURE AMONG THEM. THE out of work ANCESTORS ARE THE REAL BENEFACTORS OF THE FAMILIES OR GROUPS TO WHICH THEY BELONGED AND THAT THEY ARE EASILY APPROACHABLE BY THEIR LIVING KINSMEN. HENCE, AT ALL IMPORTANT OCCASIONS OF BIRTH, OF MARRIAGE OR OF DEATH THE DECEASED ANCESTORS ARE REMEMBERED AND OFFERED SACRIFICES. 6. 5 THE JAHERTHAN OR THE SACRED plantation IS AN ESSENTIAL PART OF A SANTAL VILLAGE. IT IS A SACRED PLACE OF SPECIAL WORSHIP FOR THE SANTALS.AFTER A VILLAGE HAS BEEN SET UP, A JAHERTHAN IS INSTALLED THROUGH RITUAL CEREMONY AT THE OUTSKIRT OF THE VILLAGE. THE MAIN DEITY OF THE JAHERTHAN, IS KNOWN AS JAHER ERA (THE LADY OF THE GROVE). ACCORDING TO THE SANTALS, SHE RESIDES THERE BESIDES OTHER IMPORTANT DEITIES SUCH AS THE MOREKO-TURUIKO (LITERALLY MEANS FIVE-SIX). THE JAHER ERA PRESIDES OVER THE SACRED GROVE, TENDS OVER OTHER BONGA IN THE JAHERTHAN AND LOOKS AFTER THE INTERESTS OF THE VILLAGERS ESPECIALLY FOR THEIR PHYSICAL NEEDS. THE SPIRITS OF THE JAHERTHAN ARE WORSHIPPED DURING THE PRINCIPAL FESTIVALS, LIKE SOHORAE (HARVEST FESTIVAL), BAHA.(FLOWER FESTIVAL), EROK (SOWING FESTIVAL), AND SO ON FOR THE GENERAL WELFARE OF THE VILLAGE PARTICULARLY FOR OBTAINING GOOD CROPS AND FOR THE HEALTH OF THE VILLAGERS AND THEIR L IVESTOCK. 6. 6 The M njhithan? or the altar of the headman is placed along side the kulhi (VILLAGE ROAD) OR OFTEN AT THE CENTRAL PLACE OF THE VILLAGE OR IN FRONT THE HOUSE OF THE M njhi? (the headman). It is believed that the Manjhi bonga (spirit of the headman) RESIDES IN THIS ALTAR AND ACTS AS THE SPIRITUAL ADVISER OF THE HEADMAN. HERE THE M njhi? offers sacrifice for the benefit of himself, his family and for the whole.VILLAGE. 6. 7 THE HOUSE-ALTAR IN THE INNER SIDE OF A SANTAL HOUSE, THERE REMAINS THE bhit r, ? a critical compartment, which is the darkest space of the house. It is the abode OF THE ORAK BONGA (HOUSE SPIRITS) OR OFTEN KNOWN AS ABGE BONGATHE BONGA OF THE SUB-CLAN. THE HEAD OF THE FAMILY DOES THE WORSHIP. IN ANY OCCASION OF THE FAMILY AND SOCIAL FESTIVALS, FOOD OFFERING IS make ON THIS ALTAR. THE NAMES OF THE ORAK BONGA ARE NOT REVEALED TO OUTSIDERS AND EVEN TO THE FEMALE MEMBERS OF THE HOUSE RATHER, HANDED DOWN FROM FATHER TO SON. USUALLY THE ELDEST SON RECEIVES T HE NAME FROM HIS FATHER. 15 P a g e.Ethnic Group Of Bangladesh The bhit r? is also used as a secret place to fritter and to store h ndi ? (rice beer), WHICH IS NOT ONLY USED AS convening DRINK BUT ITS USE IS SIGNIFICANT AND EXTENDED TO SOCIO-CULTURAL RITUALISTIC CELEBRATIONS, AND EVEN THAT TO BE OFFERED TO SATISFY THE BONGA. 6. 8 THE AFTER-LIFE IS THE CONTINUATION OF LIFE THAT IS LIVED IN THIS WORLD. THE SANTALS BELIEVE THAT THE SPIRIT OF THE DECEASED GOES TO A SHADOWY WORLD WHERE THE PERSON REQUIRES THE MATERIALS OF THIS WORLD. THIS IS WELL EXPRESSED WITH THE RITUAL PRACTICES DONE AT THE TIME OF BURIAL AND DURING THE BHANDAN, THE LAST CEREMONY DONE.IN HONOR OF THE DEAD. IN THE PAST, IT WAS PERFORMED IMMEDIATELY AFTER ALL THE REQUIREMENTS HAD BEEN FULFILLED FOR THE DECEASED PERSON, BUT IN PRESENT DAYS SUCH CEREMONY, IN A RICH FAMILY, IS DONE WITHIN TWO OR THREE MONTHS FROM THE DEATH AND IN A POOR FAMILY, IT IS ONE YEAR OR TWO. FOR THE SANTALS, THE MORE NUMEROUS ARE THE ANIMAL-VIC TIMS OFFERED IN HONOR OF THE DEAD DURING THE BHANDAN, THE MORE WOULD BE THE ANIMALS THAT THE ANCESTOR WILL HAVE IN THE OTHER WORLD. MOST ANIMAL-VICTIMS ARE DONATED BY THE RELATIVES AND NONE OF THEM ARE TO BE SPARED FOR FUTURE USE BY THE FAMILY CONCERNED.TRADITIONALLY EVERY SANTAL, MALE AND FEMALE, IS SUPPOSED TO BEAR UNDELETABLE SCARS on the body. For the male, it is the sik? that must be at least three scars REPRESENTING JION (LIFE), changeling (DEATH), AND JION (LIFE). THE SANTAL WOMEN DO NOT practice sik? , but to escape to be devoured by the worms in the life-after, they have THEIR CHEST TATTOOED, WHICH IS CALLED BY THE SANTALS KHODA. FR. PUSSETTO, WITH HIS VAST EXPERIENCE WITH THE SANTALS TESTIFIED I HAVE NOT ONLY SEEN SANTAL WOMEN TATTOOED ON THE CHEST BUT ALSO ON THE BACK, ON THE FACE, ON THE ARMS AND ON THE LEGS THE TATTOO WERE bounteous COMPLICATED, BUT PURELY ORNAMENTALTHE TA.