Object Oriented Programming in Different Languages

OOP with Microsoft visual sancti ace(a)d . last(a) and Microsoft optic C timber by standard by robin redbreast A. Reynolds-Haertle Microsoft agitate 2002 (393 rascals) ISBN 0735615683 This intuitive, self-paced dateing buming is intentional to attend to you verify the basics of bearing-oriented programming with ocular underlying. profit or ocular C. punctuate back of Contents OOP with Microsoft opthalmic basic . profits and Microsoft visual C . winnings measuring by sh bring come in asylum Chapter 1 paper Your off knack printing Object-Oriented Program Chapter 2 Creating kind Instances with Constructors Chapter 3 Creating Fields and PropertiesChapter 4 Working with Methods Chapter 5 utilize presentditary pattern to seduce Specialized categorisees Chapter 6 Designing Base Classes as abstractionist Classes Chapter 7 Responding to Changes with Events and Exceptions Chapter 8 Putting It All To turn backher with Components Chapter 9 Prov iding go Using Interfaces Chapter 10 Using Classes Interchangeably Through Polymorphism Chapter 11 Using Shargond and Static Members Chapter 12 Overloading Operators with opthalmic C Chapter 13 Saving Instance Data Chapter 14 Reducing Complexity by DesignAppendix tot upitional Re mentions Index Height Gage List of Sidebars OOP with Microsoft opthalmic prefatorial . top and Microsoft opthalmic C . mesh Step by Step PUBLISHED BY Microsoft count A Division of Microsoft Corporation wholeness Microsoft Way Redmond, Washington 98052-6399 Copyright 2002 by robin A. Reynolds-Haertle All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this decl be whitethorn be reproduced or transmittable in either form or by whatever delegacy with knocked out(p) the written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Reynolds-Haertle, Robin A. , 1959-OOP with Microsoft visual rudimentary . NET and Microsoft ocular C Step by Step / Robin A. Reynolds -Haertle. p. cm. Includes bibliographical constituteences and index. ISBN 0-7356-1568-3 1. Object-oriented programming ( calculator science). 2. Microsoft visual BASIC. 3. C (Com targeter program expression) I. agnomen. QA76. 64 . R495 2001 005. 2768dc21 2001052122 Printed and bound in the United States of America. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 QWT 7 6 5 4 3 2 Distributed in Canada by Penguin restrains Canada Limited. A CIP catalogue record for this shake up got is available from the British Library.Microsoft twitch go fors argon available through takesellers and distributors worldwide. For further study active(predicate) planetary editions, tactile sensation your local Microsoft Corporation chest of drawers or contact Microsoft fight down International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web localize at www. microsoft. com/mspress. Send comments to e post&160protected com. IntelliSense, Microsoft, Microsoft Press, visual Basic, optical C, opthalmic studio apartment, and Windows are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or different countries.Other crop and company call mentioned presentin may be the trademarks of their considerive owners. The example companies, agreements, products, domain names, e-mail subjoinresses, logos, people, places, and events depicted hitherin are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product, domain name, e-mail address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred. 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PN 097-0002296 For Bruce Youre still the one.About the Author Robin A. Reynolds-Haertle Robins interest in computing began when she taught herself to program in C to fulfill a programming language requirement fo r her masters degree in biomathematics at the University of Washington. Fascinated by the subject, Robin attended as many computer science course of instructiones as her archive would permit, and took a position as a programmer with the University of Washington by and by graduation. Robin spent some(prenominal)(prenominal) years in the biotechnology industry, write entropy applications in various database management systems, C, and Microsoft opthalmic Basic.Not content to equitable film computer science and software engine room give-and-takes, she thusly pursue and coped a masters degree in software engineering at Seattle University. During these years, Robin presented training sessions on software engineering topics to her peers. subsequently so many years in the yearroom, Robin precious to try teaching, and jumped at the opportunity to teach object- oriented programming with optical Basic for the University of Washington Outreach program. Here she dis upholded she loved writing instructional materials and sample tasks for her students. This led Robin to her current position as a programmer/writer at Microsoft, writing conceptual documentation for opthalmic Basic and Microsoft visual C.When not at the computer, Robin is arduous to make peace with her abandoned husband and sons. After she dos this book, they look preliminary to Moms attention to Cub Scouts, Boy Scouts, hiking, and watching BattleBots. After catching up with the family, Robin hopes to sew a few quilts. Acknowledgments initiatory Id like to thank the team at Microsoft Press that turned my writing into a book. Without Jack Beaudry, the technical editor, I never would move over gotten any sleep. His meticulous reviews saved me time and saved enterers from much(prenominal) frustration. Kathleen Atkins, the project editor, kept everything running smoothly and improved my text considerably.Credit is overly due to Danielle Bird, acquisitons editor Rebecca McKay (Becka), man uscript editor Cheryl Penner and Rebecca Wendling (Becky), copy editors Gina Cassill, compositor and Michael Kloepfer, electronic artist. I also deficiency to thank my colleagues at Microsoft who listened sympathetically to my complaints about deadlines and beta software. Editors Roger Haight and Meredith Waring make me a better writer. Mike Pope reminded me to put the enunciateer ahead of being clever. Megan Shult and Ann Morris, my managers, were supportive even when writing consumed all my after(prenominal)-hours energy. Much of what I suss outed about . NET came from the material written by my team members Jina Chan, Seth Grossman, Steve Hoag, Steve Stein, and Matt Stoecker. And thank you to Diana Rain, my office mate.Id also like to thank Ruth McBride, my longtime manager, and my instructors at Seattle University. I appreciate their patience with my often experimental approaches to their assignments over the years. I also have to mention the friends that still call to check on me, even though I havent called them in months. Jennifer Wirt, Lisa Wiken, mollie Potteiger, and Julie Brinkley have been true friends. This book would never have been written without the support of my husband, Bruce. He gross(a)ly ran my life for the seven months I was writing this book. I worked and wrote he did everything else. My friends are still laughing about how he RSVPs for me.Lastly, I thank my sons for just being there and for being proud of me. Introduction Microsoft ocular Basic developers have long clamored for complete objectoriented language support. Microsoft optic Basic . NET supports all the features of an object- oriented language. In addition, the entire Microsoft . NET Framework, which includes the development support for Microsoft Windows applications, Web applications, Web services, graphics, and data entry, is designed tally to object-oriented principles. Developers who have a firm grasp of object-oriented principles will be the strongest . NET deve lopers.Also modern to developers is C, a C-based language that gives developers a language pick for developing with the . NET Framework. Some C, Java, and C++ development will operate to C to take advantage of . NETs features. Visual Basic programmers looking to find a C language talent also move to C. Visual Basic . NET and C both support object-oriented development with the . NET Framework. No matter what language you distinguish for development, being able to read code in either language will double your recover to Microsoft Visual Studio documentation, . NET books, mag articles, and other developer resources. constitution RequirementsYoull take aim the sideline computer hardware and software to complete the wields in this book Microsoft Visual Studio . NET schoolmaster edition. The Visual Studio . NET software isnt included with this book. You must bribe it separately and install it beforehand you discount complete the exercises in this book. A computer capable of running Microsoft Visual Studio . NET. The following hardware configuration is recommended by the Microsoft Visual Studio . NET Web site, at http//msdn. microsoft. com/vstudio/ conterminousgen/ Computer/Processor PC with a Pentium II fork processor, 450 megahertz (MHz) Pentium III caste processor, 600 MHz recommendedOperating System Microsoft Windows 2000, Server or victor Microsoft Windows XP Home or Professional Microsoft Windows NT 4. 0 Server Memory Windows 2000 Professional, 96 megabytes (MB) of obstruct 128 MB recommended Windows 2000 Server, 192 MB of RAM 256 MB recommended Windows XP Professional, 128 MB of RAM 160 Recommended Hard Disk 500 MB on System bowel movement and 3. 0 gigabyte (GB) on installation drive Drive CD-ROM drive Display VGA or higherresolution observe Computer/Processor Input Device Microsoft Mouse or compatible pointing device aiming Your Best Starting Point This book is designed to teach you the fundamentals of object-oriented programming.You b athroom use this book if you have a basic knowledge of Visual Basic 6, Visual Basic . NET, Visual C, or some other(prenominal) Windows programming language. The exercises in this book buy up you thunder mug already perform the following tasks develop a tender Windows Application project, build it, and run it. tote up Windows Forms corresponds to a Windows Form. Create a mode to respond to the flicker event of a entirelyton control. Create a unanalyzable system (called a Sub or locomote in Visual Basic . NET). Declare and use variables. For an introduction to Visual Basic . NET, read Microsoft Visual Basic . NET Step by Step by Michael Halvorson (Microsoft Press, 2002).For an introduction to Visual C , read Microsoft Visual C . NET Step by Step by magic trick Sharp and Jon Jagger (Microsoft Press, 2002). Use the following table to observe your best jump point in this book. If you are New To object- oriented programming Migrating From Visual Basic 6 Switching From another object- oriented programming describe these steps instal the practice files as draw in the following section, Installing and Using the perpetrate Files Work through the chapters sequentially for a complete introduction to object-oriented programming. Chapters 1 through 7, 9, and 11 endure on the mechanics of object- riented programming, while the other chapters cover the concepts in more depth. Install the practice files as described in Installing and Using the Practice Files on the next page. Work through the chapters sequentially for a complete introduction to object- oriented programming with Visual Basic .NET. Chapters 1 through 7, 9, and 11 concentrate on the mechanics of object- oriented programming, while the other chapters cover the concepts in more depth. Install the practice files as described in Installingand Using the Practice Files. If you are New language. Referencing The book after working through the exercises Follow these steps Complete Chapter 1 to bring the basic yntax of properties and method acting actings. Read the rapidly destination sections at the end of the chapters for information about specific line constructs. Use the index or the Table of Contents to find information about particular subjects. Read the Quick Reference at the end of each chapter to find a apprise review of the syntax and techniques presented in the chapter. Installing and Using the Practice Files The swain CD indoors the back cover of this book contains the practice files that youll use as you perform the exercises in the book. For example, when youre learning to take in variance events, youll use a bitmap file named Train. bmp.By employ the practice files, you wont waste time creating objects that arent applicable to the exercise. Instead, you can concentrate on learning object-oriented programming with Visual Basic . NET and Visual C . NET. The files and the step-by-step instructions in the lessons also let you learn by doing, which is an easy and effective way to acquire and remember new skills. Important Install the practice files Before you break the seal on the OOP with Microsoft Visual Basic . NET and Microsoft Visual C Step by Step companion CD package, be sure that this book matches your version of the software.This book is designed for use with Microsoft Visual Studio . NET Professional Edition for the Windows operating systems. To find out what software youre running, you can check the product package or you can latch on the software, and accordingly tittle-tattle About Microsoft Development Environment in the Help identity card at the top of the screen. Follow these steps to install the practice files on your computers hard disk so that you can use them with the exercises in this book. 1. Remove the companion CD from the package inside the back cover of this book and insert the CD in your CD-ROM drive. 2. Double- domestic dog the My Computer photo on the Desktop.Tip On some computers, the startup pr ogram big businessman run automatically when you close the CD-ROM drive. In this case, skip steps 2 through 5 and follow the instructions on the screen. 3. Double-click the icon for your CD-ROM drive. 4. Double-click StartCD. exe 5. Click Install Sample Code. The setup program window appears with the recommended options preselected for you. For best results in apply the practice files with this book, accept these preselected settings. 6. When the files have been installed, shoot the CD from your CD- ROM drive and replace it in the package inside the back cover of the book.A folder called OOPVBCS has been created on your hard disk, and the practice files have been placed in that folder. Using the Practice Files Each lesson in this book explains when and how to use any practice files for that lesson. The practice files contain the complete source listings for all the applications created in this book, as well as any resources, such as bitmaps and databases, that youll drive to co mplete the exercises. For those of you who like to know all the details, heres a list of the Visual Basic and Visual C projects on the practice disk Project Chapter 1 Read bears Chapter 2 ReadMore watchwords Chapter 3 CodeAnalysis CodeAnalysis2 Chapter 4DeckOfCards Chapter 5 TheBank ARound passing Chapter 6 ABetterBank ABetterLibrary Variations description This simple program show ups the basics of creating, instantiating, and using a screen. This program expands on the Read admits program and adds detergent builders. These two applications demonstrate different approaches to using signifier properties, and the interaction of associate properties and the DataGrid control. This application explores class methods by using dynamic creation of Windows Forms controls and drag-and-drop transactions. This simple application demonstrates the basics of class inheritance. This small project shows how easy it is to derive rom a Windows Forms control and redefine its drawing. This adapt ation of Chapter 5s TheBank application uses an abstract class as a base class. This improvement on Chapter 1s Read masss application uses a strongly vitrined collection. This application contains code snippets demonstrating variations on inheritance. Chapter 7 TrainGame ThrowSystemException PersonList Project Chapter 8 GamesLibrary Memory Chapter 9 MoveIt Points Chapter 10 PatternMaker Chapter 11 BetterCard SortablePoint Singleton Chapter 12 VectorAlgebra Chapter 13 serialize DataSetExercise Chapter 14 This application introduces delegates, events, and user-drawn controls in the context of a simple game.This small program throws a system exception and recovers by using exception handling. This application creates and throws a custom application exception. Description The GamesLibrary project creates a component library containing objects used to develop the simple Memory card game This application covers the basics of creating and put oning an interface. The Points project conta ins objects that weapon the IComparable, IFormattable, and IEnumerable interfaces. Moving beyond the basics of inheritance, the PatternMaker program makes extensive use of inheritance and polymorphism. This improvement on the Card class from Chapter 4 uses static methods to liminate the projects dependency on file locations. The SortablePoint application from Chapter 10 is made more flexible through static properties. Static handle are used to devour the Singleton design pattern. The mathematical concept of vectors is used to demonstrate the definition and use of operator overloading in Visual C. The Serialize application demonstrates the use of binary and XML serialization of data. This very simple ADO. NET application reads data from an Access database. PatternMaker Uninstall the practice files This example uses the PatternMaker exercise from Chapter 10 to demonstrate the way to make design changes after the i nitial development of an application.If you are using the Windows XP Professional operating system, follow these steps to admit out the practice files from your computer. If you are using a different version of Windows, refer to your Windows Help documentation for removing programs. 1. Click Start, and then click moderate Panel. 2. In Control Panel, click contribute Or Remove Programs. 3. In the carry Or Remove Programs window, click OOP Visual Basic And C . NET Code in the Currently Installed Programs list. 4. Click Change/Remove. The Confirm File Deletion dialog appears. 5. Click Yes to delete the practice files. 6. Click shut down to close the carry Or Remove Programs window. 7. Close Control Panel.Conventions and Features in this Book This book uses conventions designed to make the information more clear(p) and easier to follow. The book also includes features that contribute to a deeper understanding of the material. Conventions Each exercise is a serial publication of tasks. Each task is presented as a series of numbered steps. If a t ask has only one step, the step is indicated by a round bullet. rail lines labeled tip provide more information for terminate a step successfully. Notes labeled important alert you to information you take to check before continuing. The book uses typographic styles to help organize the information presented. The following table describes the styles used. Style Code Italics Used for Code that you boast case in Method argument or parameter Event subroutine Field Fully Qualified Name Keyword Method Property appreciate Example Visual Basic Public Class Book balance Class // Visual C public class Book aBook showPage_Click m_shelf SomeBook. schoolbook Public, public, If, if GetPage listOfBooks Roman Other Features Boolean determine Class name Control type Data type Event Form Namespace Parameter type Property True, true, False, false Book, Library, Train ListBox, schoolbookBox attract, gearing, whole number, int Click Form1 ReadBooks gearing, chain, Integer, int NameSh aded sidebars throughout the book provide more in-depth information about the exercise. The sidebars might contain debugging tips, design tips, or topics you might hope to explore further. Each chapter ends with a Quick Reference section. The Quick Reference provides a brief review of the syntax and techniques presented in the chapter. Corrections, Comments, and Help Every effort has been made to verify the accuracy of this book and the contents of the practice files on the companion CD. Microsoft Press provides corrections and additional content for its books through the cosmea Wide Web at http//www. microsoft. com/mspress/support/If you have fusss, comments, or papers regarding this book or the companion CD, please channelize them to Microsoft Press. Send e-mail to email&160protected com Or send postal mail to Microsoft Press Attn Step by Step Series Editor One Microsoft Way Redmond, WA 98052-6399 Please note that support for the Visual Studio . NET software product itself i s not offered through the preceding address. For help using Visual Studio . NET, visit http//support. microsoft. com. Visit the Microsoft Press World Wide Web Site You are also invited to visit the Microsoft Press World Wide Web site at http//www. microsoft. com/mspress/Youll find descriptions for the complete line of Microsoft Press books, information about ordering titles, notice of fussy features and events, additional content for Microsoft Press books, and much more. You can also find out the la bear witness in Visual Studio . NET software developments and news from Microsoft Corporation at http//msdn. microsoft. com/vstudio/nextgen/ Check it out Chapter 1 Writing Your First Object-Oriented Program Overview ESTIMATED TIME 2 hr. 30 min. In this chapter, youll learn how to Decide which classes to implement in your program. Create a class with palm, properties, and methods. Use a class in an application. Use Microsoft Visual Studio . NET tools to create a class definition. Cla sses are the building blocks of object-oriented programs. Object-oriented program design is driven by the objects in the problem you learn to solve. If your goal is to change class registration, you might create classes for the instructor, student, and class schedule objects. Objects also have properties that describe them and their look. These are implemented as properties and methods of a class. Just as an instructor has a name, so does the Instructor class have a Name airscrew.To assign a student to a class, youd need to find an open section in the schedule. So your ClassSchedule class might implement a FindOpenSection method. The method would likely check the variable, called a field, in the class in which youve stored information about sections. In this chapter, youll learn how to position the objects in your problem domain and their properties and behaviors (methods). Using this summary, youll design and implement the classes using situation and method programming const ructs. Youll then declare and set the variables of the classes youve coded.Finally, youll implement the solution to your problem by calling the properties and methods of the class variables. Reading Books Your First Object-Oriented Program Your task in this chapter is to implement a program that breaks whacking text files in page- size pieces. Typically, your task begins with a specification, mayhap complete, perhaps not. The specification for Chapter 1 follows You have downloaded on your computer the text of some(prenominal)(prenominal) books. You expect to be able to select a book and read one particular page at a time. You also want to be able to set the aloofness of a page. Youve already refractory which user interface you want to use its shown hereAs you look at the user interface, you can see that you need to add some controls to a Windows form a ListBox, a Rich text editionBox, two NumericUpDown controls, and some labels. How will you store the texts of the books? How will you fill the list? How will you find oneself the correct page of the book that you want to read? You can use object-oriented programming to answer these questions. Designing the Classe s Before you can implement your classes, you must decide which classes you need. First you look for the objects in the problem. Having found the objects, you then look for properties, which are characteristics or qualities that belong to the object, and methods, which are behaviors of the object.You can assume from many ways to design the classes in an application. The approach presented here begins with a textual analysis of the problem. The nouns are selected as candidates for classes, while verbs become candidates for the methods. In the course of the analysis, youll slip by many of the nouns as candidates, and you might discover classes that arent among the nouns in the specification. After you determine the objects, properties, and methods that belong to your classes, you can then write t he class specification that youll use in the implementation. Find the classes . Read the problem statement, and find all the nouns. You have downloaded on your computer the text of several books. You want to be able to select a book and read one particular page at a time. You also want to be able to set the length of a page. 2. Eliminate candidates. Reasons to eliminate a candidate include The class based on the noun would have only properties or only methods. The class based on the noun wouldnt be relevant to the problem. The class based on the noun wouldnt represent one object.You can eliminate the irrelevant candidates computer and time. distance (of a page) is merely an integer rank and wouldnt generate enough behavior to qualify as a class. The very(prenominal) is true of text in this examplethe only thing to be done with it is to display a piece of it, a page. By the same reasoning, page is also not a class. That leaves book and books. Books is just the plural of book , so you are left only with book as a potential class. But you arent finished yet. 3. Search for missing candidates. claim this specification, The dealer deals four-spot cards to each player. Theres no mention of a deck of cards, although deck is a likely class in that problem. remember eliminating books? Another class does, in fact, represent the properties and behavior of a base of books. You can call this class Library. The library concept is different from the book concept. A book has a title and text and can be read. A library contains many books, which can be checked out and returned. Left with the Book and Library classes, you can now search for properties and methods. Find the methods and properties 1. Read the problem statement, and find all the verbs. You can leave out the helping verbs, such as is, was, and have.As in the case of the nouns, textual analysis of verbs is just the starting point for determination the methods. You have downloaded on your computer the text of several books. You want to be able toselect a book and read one particular page at a time. You also want to be able to set the length of a page. 2. Consider each verb. Is it a method, or does it indicate a method? Is it relevant to the problem? Downloaded and want are clearly irrelevant to the problem. Select is an operation of the Library class. In a real library, this action would correspond to finding a book on the shelf and checking it out. So the Library has a CheckOut method.Theres also a hidden seat here because a book needs a title. Read is an operation of the Book class. This method allows you to read one particular page, so it can be named GetPage. The verb set indicates that a property needs to be changed, and that property is the length of a page, Pageduration. 3. The same nouns that you eliminated as classes might in fact be properties of those classes. textual matter, length (of a page), and page were eliminated as classes. A book does need text, so school text b ecomes a property of Book. You discovered that PageLength is a property in considering the verb set.Page represents one section of the text and represents the result of the GetPage operation, so it isnt a property. 4. Look for missing properties and methods. If youre termination to check books out of the library, you need a way to add books to the library and return the checked-out books. A CheckIn method will handle this. Testing the Class Design read the problem, and determine whether your classes, with their properties and methods, provide the functionality necessary to solve the problem. You have downloaded on your computer the text of several books. Do you have a way of storing and organizing several books?Yes, you can create one Book for each book and one Library to store them all. You want to be able to select a book and read one particular page at a time. Can you select one book and read one page? Yes, books can be selected by their titles, and the GetPage method retrieves one page. You also want to be able to set the length of a page. Can you set the length of a page? Yes, the Book class has a PageLength property. The results are shown in the following table. The methods are shown as they might be say in Visual Basic. Class Book Properties Integer PageLengt h Methods GetPage (pageNumber As Integer) As String Class Library Creating the Book Class PropertiesString Text String Title Methods CheckIn (aBook As Book) CheckOut(title As String) As Book The following exercise covers the basics of class implementation using the Book class as an example. To implement the Library class, youll use some of the development tools provided by the Microsoft Visual Studio . NET integrated development environment (IDE). Create the book class 1. In the IDE, click the File menu, point to New, and then click Project. The New Project dialog box opens. 2. Select Visual Basic Projects or Visual C Projects in the Project Types corner, click Windows Application in the Templa tes list. 3.Enter ReadBooks in the Name box, and click OK. 4. Display the resolution Explorer by selecting Solution Explorer on the believe menu. Click the ReadBooks project in the Solution Explorer. 12. On the Project menu, click Add Class. The Add New Item dialog box appears, as shown here 13. Enter either Book. vb or Book. cs in the Name box, depending on the language you are using. Note that the class name begins with a majuscule letter and is singular. 14. Click Open. The IDE adds a file to your project. The file includes the basic definition of a class, as shown in the following two screen shots.The Visual Basic class contains the minimum for a class declaration. Heres the syntax for declaring a class in Visual Basic Class ClassName displace Class In this case, the class is named Book. The IDE adds the Public modifier thats shown to indicate that the class can be used throughout the project. The Visual C class contains the class declaration as well as a constructor. Heres the syntax for declaring a class in C class ClassName A constructor contains code to initialize the fields of a class and perform other class initialization functions. In C, it has the same name as the class. A constructor isnt required.Ill talk more about constructors in Chapter 2, Creating Class Instances with Constructors. Add the Text and PageLength fields A field is a variable stated in a class block. Fields can be any . NET data type, such as Integer or Boolean . NET class, such as TextBox or ListBox or any class that you have created. 1. Locate the beginning of the class definition. In Visual Basic, the class definition begins immediately after the line that shows the class name. In Visual C, the class definition begins after the opening curly set up of the class. 2. Add the following code inside the class to create Text and PageLength fields. 3. Visual BasicPublic Text As String = Public PageLength As Integer = 10 // Visual C public fibril Text = p public int PageLengt h = 10 Tip By convention, the initial letters of names of public members (fields, properties, methods, and events) of a class are capitalized (Textfield) or are intercapitalized (PageLength field). match to the code, you have specified initial values for the fields the unemployed string for Text and 10 for PageLength. A basic tenet of object-oriented programming is that an object should maintain a consistent state. That means that the state of the object (the values of its fields) should represent a usable state.If you didnt initialize the fields, values would slight to for the Text field and 0 for the PageLength field. If those were acceptable values for a book, you could leave them uninitialized. But because compilers and their default values change, you can prevent maintenance problems by initializing the fields. Your invitee code (the code that uses a Book object) is able to read and write to any field declared with the public keyword (Public in Visual Basic and public in V isual C). Providing direct access to the class data is a violation of the object-oriented principle of information hiding, which stipulates that the client has no knowledge of the underlying data structure of an object.In the next section, youll learn how to allow the client code to get and set the Title of the Book without giving away details about the implementation. Add the Title property A property is a programming construct that allows your code to get and set a value. Typically, the code in the property constructor will get and set the value of a private field in the class. In client code, a public field and a property are used in the same wayfor example, SomeBook. Text and SomeBook. Title. 1. Add the following code to the Book class after the Text and PageLength declarations. 2. mystical m_title As String Visual Basic private string m_title // Visual CThis code creates a private field in the Book class. Client code doesnt have access to this property. Tip mystic fields of a class are declared using the m_ affix to identify them as member data. Private field names arent capitalized. 3. Add the following code to the Book class, after the m_title declaration. 4. Visual Basic 5. Public Property Title() As String 6. Get 7. parry m_title 8. break Get 9. Set(ByVal value As String) 10. m_title = value 11. End SetEnd Property 12. // Visual C 13. public string Title 14. get 15. return m_title 16. 17. set 18. m_title = value 19. These syntax blocks define class properties.The Title property appears in the IntelliSense drop-down list just like any other property, such as the familiar TextBox. Text or Form. Backcolor. The property block allows you to control access to the property. You can add proof code to the Set block to ensure that only reasonable values are assigned to the underlying m_title field. Note Please notice an important difference between fields and properties. A place is reserved in computer storage for fields. They contain the actual d ata of the class. Properties provide access to the data but are not data themselves. In this book, I use the word set to mean ever-changing a property. I use the word get to mean retrieving the value of a property.The Get and Set blocks of a property can be called getters and setters, or accessors . The property block is more flexible than youve seen here. Properties can be public or private, read/write, read-only, or write-only. In Visual Basic, the property statements can even take a parameter. By the way, I cover properties in detail inChapter 2, but I need to talk about them at least a little bit in this chapter. A Little Bit About Properties We can use the word properties, in a general object-oriented sense, to mean the descriptive information about an object. We can also use properties to mean the particular syntactic construct provided by Visual Basic and C.The particular meaning of the word can be determined by context. Use properties to validate class data and hide class im plementation. You have to make a strong case for using public fields in a class. The addition of a property to a class to control access to the underlying data requires minimal effort. The benefit of this practice is that you can easily add validation or change the implementation if you need to without affecting clients already using your objects. Add the GetPage method Add the GetPage method to the class definition after the field declarations. Visual BasicPublic Function GetPage(ByVal pageNumber As Integer) As String contraband start As Integer = (pageNumber -1) * PageLength If (start < Text. Length) And (start >= 0) Then If (start + PageLength) < Text. Length Then Return Text. Substring(start, PageLength) Else Return Text. Substring(start, Text. Length start) End If Else Return End IfEnd Function // Visual C public string GetPage(int pageNumber) int start = (pageNumber 1) * PageLength if ((start < Text. Length) &038&038 (start >= 0)) if ((start + PageLength) < Text. Length) return Text.Substring(start, PageLength) else return Text. Substring(start, Text. Length start) else return In Chapter 3, Fields and Properties, youll see how we can replace the GetPage method with a construct known as an indexer in Visual C or with a default Item method in Visual Basic. The complete class definitions for our project are shown here Visual Basic Public Class Book Public Text As String = Public PageLength As Integer = 10 Private m_title As String Public Property Title() As String Get Return m_title End Get Set(ByVal Value As String) m_title = Value End Set End PropertyPublic Function GetPage(ByVal pageNumber As Integer) As String Dim start As Integer = (pageNumber 1) * PageLength If (start < Text. Length) And (start >= 0) Then If (start + PageLength) < Text. Length Then Return Text. Substring(start, PageLength) Else Return Text. Substring(start, Text. Length start) End If Else Return End If End FunctionEnd Class // Visual Cusing Syst emnamespace ReadBooks /// /// Summary description for Book. /// public class Book public string Text = public int PageLength = 10 private string m_title public Book() // // TODO Add constructor logic here // public string Title get return m_title set m_title = value ublic string GetPage(int pageNumber) int start = (pageNumber 1) * PageLength if ((start < Text. Length) &038&038 (start >= 0)) if ((start + PageLength) < Text. Length) return Text. Substring(start, PageLength) else return Text. Substring(start, Text. Length start) else return Fields, properties, methods, and constructors can appear in any order in a class definition. Good organization benefits future readers of your code.Heres a common organization and, in fact, the one I used in this book Field declarations Constructors Properties Methods Using the Book Class in an Application Youve just finished implementing the Book class. The class definition is just a template for an object. To put data in the fields and properties, you have to create an authority of the class in computer storage this action is known as instantiation. When you create an subject, a section of memory is set aside to hold the fields of the object. If you create another instance of the class, another section of memory is set aside for its fields. You arent going to implement the full solution yet.First you need to write some code to test your class. Youll create two instances of the Book class in the ReadBooks project, and youll display the fourth page of each book. (These will be very piddling books. ) Youll create a cookbook and a book of queen regnant tales, so youll need to create two separate instances of the Book class. Instead of creating a fancy interface, youll write just enough code to see whether your class is working as you expected. Test Drivers A short program to test a class is called a driver. Its a good idea to exercise your class a bit with a driver before adding the class to a larger program.Use the driver to test your class without the hobble of other code in the program. Create an instance of Book 1. In the Solution Explorer, double-click Form1 to open it in the Windows form designer. If Form1 is opened in the code editor, select View, Designer. 2. Drag a clit from the Toolbox onto Form1. If the Toolbox isnt visible, select View, Toolbox. 3. Right -click the button, and click Properties on the shortcut menu. In the Properties window, set the Name property of the button to showPage and set the Text property to turn in Page. The button on the Windows form is created from the Button class.Name and Text are properties of the Button class. So we can talk about getting and setting these properties. Form1 is a class as well, and the button you just created is a field of the Form1 class. 4. Double-click the button to create the Click event method. 5. Add the following code in boldface to the Click event to create a book of fairy tales. 6. Visual Basic 7. Private Sub showPage_Click(ByVal sender As System. Object, _ 8. ByVal e As System. EventArgs) Handles showPage. Click 9. Dim fairyTales As Book 10. fairyTales = New Book() 11. End Sub 12. // Visual C 13. rivate void showPage_Click(object sender, System. EventArgs e) 14. Book fairyTales 15. fairyTales = new Book() 16. Add the following code to set the Text, PageLength, and Title properties immediately after the code you entered in step 5 17. Visual Basic 18. fairyTales. Text = at a time upon a time there was a bear. 19. fairyTales. PageLength = 8fairyTales. Title = Fairy Tales 20. // Visual C 21. fairyTales. Text = Once upon a time there was a bear. 22. fairyTales. PageLength = 8 fairyTales. Title = Fairy TalesWhen the instance of Book is created, its fields contain the values specified in the class definition. The Text field is an empty string, the page length is 10, and the title is blank. Notice that it makes no difference in the client code whether you use a field or a p roperty. 23. Add the following code after the fairyTales code to create another instance of the Book class. (This instance will be a pattern book. ) 24. Visual Basic 25. Dim cookies As Book = New Book() 26. cookies. Text = Chocolate chip cookies are the most delicious co okies. 27. ookies. PageLength = 8 28. cookies. Title = Cookie Recipes 29. // Visual C 30. Book cookies = new Book() 31. cookies. Text = Chocolate chip cookies are the most delicious co okies. 32. cookies. PageLength = 8 cookies. Title = Cookie Recipes In this case, you used a different syntax for declaring and initializing a variable of the Book class. Visual Basic and Visual C allow declaration and initialization in the same statement. Declaring and initializing in the same statement has the following advantages Programmers are less likely to forget to initialize the variable. When a class defines a constructor with parameters, the fields can be initialized at the same time. (Youll create constructors with par ameters in Chapter 3. ) Use an instance of the Book class 1. Add the following code after the cookies code to display some of the text of the two books. In later chapters, youll learn other ways to return the text of a particular page in the book. 2. Visual Basic 3. Dim page As Integer = 3 4. Dim constitution As String 5. report = Page &038 page. ToString() &038 ControlChars. CrLf _ 6. &038 fairyTales. Title &038 &038 fairyTales. GetPage(page) _ 7. ControlChars. CrLf _ 8. &038 Cookies &038 cookies. GetPage(page) 9. MessageBox. Show(report) 10. report = Titles + fairyTales. Title &038 and &038 cookies. Title 11. MessageBox. Show(report) 12. // Visual C 13. int page = 3 14. string report 15. report = Page + page. ToString() + 16. + fairyTales. Title + + fairyTales. GetPage(page) + 17. + cookies. Title + + cookies. GetPage(page) 18. MessageBox. Show(report) 19. report = Titles + fairyTales. Title + and + cookies. Title MessageBox. Show(report)This bit of code demon strates that there are two separate instances of the Book class. We can refer to these instances using the variables fairyTales and cookies . The object-oriented concept that permits each instance to be referred to separately is known as identity. Youll see in later chapters that the identity principle doesnt mean that you have to create a variable for each instance. Creating so many variables is unwieldy if you need hundreds of instances of a class. Identity does mean that you can refer to each instance separately when you need to.Notice that when you created an instance of Book, the fields of fairyTales were changed and the GetPage method was called. Later on we retrieved the value of the Title property. The value of Title was unchanged after the GetPage method was called. The fact that the value was unchanged demonstrates the concept of object state, the idea that the fields retain their values between method calls. Compare the way the GetPage method works with a method that has variable declarations. After the GetPage method ends, the variables go out of scope and their values are lost to the application. 20. Press F5 to run the code. Click the Show Page button.The results are shown here Click OK, and the book titles are displayed in a message box as shown here Click OK, and then close the application. Youve now created a class, Book, and two instances of it. Your code sent a message to the Book class through the GetPage method to ask for the third page of the text. In the next sections, youll implement another class, Library. This time, however, youll let some of the IDE tools do some of the syntactic work for you. Using the Class View The IDE provides a Class View that displays a tree view of the class structure of the project, namespaces, and classes.The Class View can share the same window as the Solution Explorer. On the View menu, click Class View to open the Class View. The expanded Class View is shown below for Visual Basic and Visual C, respective ly. The highest-level node represents the project, ReadBooks. The next level of nodes represents the namespaces in the project. A project can contain several namespaces in this case, theres only one. The project namespace contains two classes the class that we created, Book, and the class for the Windows form, Form1. The Book class contains two public fields, PageLength and Text, epresented by unconsecrated blocks, and one private field, m_ti