Corporate Governance in Malaysia

Corporate Governance is a concept in which it has been liveence for decades although not in the ex personation form that it has have to be infrastood today (Anandarajah, 2001). The term in corpo real numberd organisation was introduced in Malaysia in 1997 during the Asian Financial Crisis. It in any theme drew the publics trouble on the weaknesses of the Malayan unified brass section pr stand forice (Nor Azizah Zainal Abidin, 2007). as well that, the downf each of Sime Bank, the Bumi rearera Malaysian Finance (BMF) outrage, the ir mendingities in Renong Berhad, the Perwaja fiasco and the internal wariness problem confront by Malaysian Airline System (MAS) forced government activity to invoke incorporated political science regulations (Norwani, Mohamad, & Chek, 2011).The High Level Finance Committee declargon 1999 on Corporate Governance in Malaysia defined corporate face as the process and structure used to direct and manage the barter and affairs of the company t owards enhancing blood prosperity and corporate accountability with the final objective of realizing long term shareholder value, whilst taking into account the gratify of other stakeholders. (Malaysian Code on Corporate Governance, 2012). The grave that governs the corporate administration in Malaysia is called the Malaysia Code of Corporate Governance (MCCG).This engrave was recently revise in March 2012 and it is known as the MCCG2012. Besides providing relevant learning to investors, this code overly aims to encourage hydrofoil management of companies, to enable investors to contain the direction of the company (Nor Azizah Zainal Abidin, 2007). The MCCG 2007 was rewrite with the aim to enhance the directors duty to the companies. With the revise MCCG 2012, t here(predicate) are still many an(prenominal) issues arising from corporate disposal. However, to some boundary there are progressions in some area of the corporate governance.The revised MCCG 2012 contained a fewer repairments in the recommendation. This Code now establishes clear roles and responsibilities where honourable standard should be formalized through the code of conduct by the get on with to picture its compliance. Through the companys code of conduct, it mandates the scoop upride to formulate system of compliance and ethical standards. Besides, it also let ins ensuring that the companys strategies conjure up sustainability. There are many improvements made under pecuniary backing of independence. 3. 1 mandate bill of fares to undertake an annual indie director assessment.For an idiosyncratic to serve as an unconditional director, 3. 2 mandate a accumulative term to nine years. Under 3. 3, justification and shareholders cheering is needed if the board retains as an independent director. And lastly MCCG 2012 recommends that a bulk of independent directors must be in the board and the board prexy is not an independent director. These were not in the MCCG 2007. The most eventful improvement under the MCCG 2012 is to ensure timely and high quality apocalypse. Under this the board should make authoritative the appropriate disclosure procedure and policies of the company.Also, for effective spread of information, board should encourage the company to leverage on information technology. This is to promote better use of technology. Further more than, with the existing recommendation, MCCG 2012 also state that the board should also encourage pool voting in order for strengthening the consanguinity f the company and shareholder. This imposes duty to inform the shareholders of their right to demand a poll vote by the general meeting chairman. The concern here is whether the revised MCCG check compound the corporate governance of the companies in Malaysia.This code calls for voluntary compliance, coupled with the requirement in the tilt rules of KLSE which make mandates disclosure of the extent of compliance with the best practice sets out in the Code, magical spell allowing for some flexibility in its implementation by companies. The aim here is to furnish necessary information and encourage disclosure to investors who entrusted their funds to companies, so that they target monitor the way it is being run (Finance Committee on Corporate Governance, 1999). This Code has somehow reduced the number of pecuniary s domiciliatedal but definitely not completely clear it off.There are many scenarios that company collapsing due to financial scandal as what was initiated by the BMF (Bank Bumiputera Finance) scandal. The legal philosophy governing directors duty consist of various forms of law. These duties have been observed also contain a plurality of legal field such as company law and employment law (Hee, 2003). portion 132(1) of the Companies Act 1965 requires a director to use reasonable diligence and to act h unmatchedstly in the discharge of his duties. The duty to act in the best interest of the company as a who le also from plebeian law covers the collective interest of both existing and prospective shareholders.It is suggested that the joint law fiduciary duty to avoid conflicts of interest should be systemise to allow directors to be clear about their obligations in conflict situations. KLSE listing Requirements stipulates that public listed companies must got at least two independent directors. Individuals who are expressly excluded from being eligible to act as independent directors include major shareholders, professional advisers or relatives of an executive director or major shareholder of the listed company (Hee, 2003). This provides a better equilibrium of powers between directors and independent directors.The canvasor actually provides a check on the information limit of the governance system rather than having a direct corporate governance responsibility. As widely recognized, the duties of the audit committees have been related to internal audit financial reporting and e xternal auditor. The grandeur of an audit committee in the framework of corporate accountability is where audit committees are expected to act as the guardian of investors interests and corporate accountability suggested by the wide espousal of audit committee (Saidin, 2007).The main duties are to inspect and form an position as to whether the financial argumentations have been drawn up in accordance of rights with the financial reporting standards of Malaysia and the Companies Act 1965 to obtain reasonable assurance that the financial statements are free from material misstatements and to examine and form an opinion whether the financial statements give a true and fair view of the financial position of the Company as of the financial year end and of its financial surgical process and cash flows of the year end (Yycadvisors, 2012).The pertinent issue in corporate governance is due to mismanagement, directors duty not thoroughly performed, abusing the minority projection / sha reholders and not having meetings often to update what is going on. oversight or board should practice the commonly accepted principles of corporate governance such as independence, accountability, roles and responsibilities, integrity and ethical behavior, and transparency. A companys board should have a number of independent directors. They should be respective(prenominal) with no connection with the company other than a seat in the board.Also, selected independent directors should meet the independence test under the regulatory rules and also to serve with independence of minds. This process of selecting independent directors is likely to maintain their independent mindedness (Rahman & Salim, 2010). To create a system that holds decisiveness makers accountable while match proper respect to their authority over corporation is a challenge thing for corporate governance. The market, shareholder voting, and civil and criminal liability is the regular accountability mechanism.In t heory, to create incentives for deterring self-dealing and other forms of misconduct and for responsible decision qualification these mechanisms work together. However, in reality, these contain flaws that allow individuals to occasionally exercise an preposterous discretion when making decisions that will affect many others. The impact can be distressing for investors, employees, and the economy when the governance system fails (Jones, 2010). Given the obtain of publicly held companies, management should be accountable to its board of directors.The board, in turn, should be accountable to the shareholders and other stakeholders. The principle of accountability can be enhanced by many ways, such as enforcing rules and laws, protecting shareholders rights, imposing duties on officers and ensuring the scrutiny of the companys financial statements by independent auditors (Rahman & Salim, 2010). To provide creditors, depositors and shareholders creditable assurance that they will abs tain from fraud activities, financial transparency would be an important mechanism.Timely and accurate disclosure should be made regarding all materials matter concerning the corporation is one way to ensure excellent corporate governance. The voluntary items disclosed in the annual reports, the time of the information to be released and quantity of information influenced by the board of directors. In disclosing all the relevant information in the financial reporting, the BOD will be straightforward when they are independent and examine their responsibility to be accountable to the shareholders.To ensure the quality of the financial reporting process is one of the main functions corporate governance play. Financial reporting should be prepared with integrity which relies on corporate governance. Dependency of the integrity of financial reporting is highly on the execution of instrument and conduct of individual involved. What lead the company to reporting hardship is when the cor porate governance fails where most of them manipulated their financial statement to meet the performance expectation.Research also has found that there is a connection between weaknesses in corporate governance with bad financial quality, fraudulent financial statement weak internal control and bread manipulations (Norwani, Mohamad, & Chek, 2011). Problems that arise in companies in Malaysia regarding corporate governance have to do with the political interference to certain extent. State/government can be said as the real company controller compared to law/policy regulated under corporate governance. For example, the famous corporate governance failure in Malaysia the scandal of Perwaja vane Sdn.Bhd.. Perwaja, a company owned by the government in collaborationism with a Japanese company, Nippon Steel Corporation that was established by HICOM Bhd. in 1982, to fulfill the governments mission in implementing the heavy industrial policy (Nor Azizah Zainal Abidin, 2007). This can be seen as an example where the state, as a shareholder in the company, has direct interest to it. Fraud and corruption can easily happen with the existence of this relationship. collectible to the misconduct of directorship the corporate governance of Perwaja snap offd.Perwaja faced with corruption and mismanagement in tender and contract awarding. Furthermore, indistinct trading transactions and payments were carried out to non existing companies (Netto, 2004). There are one sided contracts between Perwaja and both local and extraneous companies plus with erroneous records and many of millions ringgit were unauthorized (Norwani, Mohamad, & Chek, 2011). This shows the failure of corporate governance in Perwaja Steel Sdn. Bhd.. However, with new-made funds being injected by the government today, Perwaja is still in handicraft (Netto, 2004).In other case, like the Malaysian Airlines System Bhd. (MAS) faced with internal management problems. Tan Sri Tajuddin Ramli, the largest shar eholder in MAS who held both Chief Executive officer plus with chairman position, entered into unprofitable wrinkle activities whereby he had over magnification the flight destination, has caused the occurrence of governance failure (Norwani, Mohamad, & Chek, 2011). The new management under Tajuddin Ramli had already cause MAS to suffered huge debts, prior to the Asian Financial Crisis.This had put MAS at risk during the crisis as all their transaction were done is UD dollars (Nor Azizah Zainal Abidin, 2007). Due to the veto power of the government in MASs management the decision on airlines destinations were subjected to governments decision and approval. To comply with Malaysian foreign policy, MAS had to oblige and extend its services, where at that time, not popular destinations or little concentrated areas were decided by the government. This decision contributed lower return to MAS.From this blame of view, we can see that the government/political involvement in business h ave a huge influence in the management of the company. Besides another reason of governance failure of MAS was due to increased in capital expenditure caused by many orders on planes from 1998 to 2001. It was simply a mismatch between earnings and expenditure in the financial reporting, whereby earnings were is ringgit while the latter was in US dollar. MAS ended up stipendiary a higher cost than what was originally ordered for. MAS was then repurchased for more than double of the market price.The question here was before the governments barter forback, why an audit was not conducted which would have a very important bearing on the proper price of the government buyout. An international case study example would be the Satyam Linggam scandal, the biggest corporate scam in India has come to the most respected businessman. Satyam founder resigned as its chairman after admitting to formulation up the account book. The CEO was responsible for the board accounting improprieties that d escribe a large amount of cash holding that does not exist and overstating the companys profit and revenue.With a successful effort on the part of investors in order to prevent an effort by the minority shareholding promoters to use the firms cash reserves to buy two companies owned by them, the scandal all came to know. Consequently, this failed the attempt of magnification on Satyams part, which in turn led to a collapse in companys stock prices, followed by a shocking confession from Raju. History has played a part in the tuition of corporate governance in India. The first code for corporate governance was published in 1988, but by the Confederation of Indian perseverance (CII) entitled desirable Corporate Governance.Unlike codes in some other countries, the CII code did not make statements of principle but addressed specific business issues in India. The code called for professionally effective, independent non-executive directors to make up the board. none should hold more than ten listed company. The code also called for audit committees. A year later 1999 a government committee released Indias depicted object Code on Corporate Governance (Ticker, 2009). Reflecting international standards, the code had the approval by the SEBI and incorporated into stock exchange rules.The government issued guidelines on corporate governance in central public sector enterprises in 2007, lotion the composition of the boards, audit committees, accounting standards and risk management (Ticker, 2009). However, corruption carcass entrenched in India, not at least in the government administration. The Ministry of Company Affairs and the Securities and Exchange Board need more competent staff experience in corporate governance matters. But speedy economic growth and potential in India suggest that the next few years will see significant changes in both perspective and practice (Ticker, 2009).The failure in corporate governance forced rules and regulations to be enacted (Norwani, Mohamad, & Chek, 2011). Recent corporate scandals and the near-collapse of the global ? nancial system all demonstrate the importance of maintaining an effective corporate governance regime (Jones, 2010). With the revised MCCG 2012, duties of all the board of directors are clearly stated, and this will serve as guidance and should improve the corporate governance of the company.

Patrick Henry’s Famous 1775 Speech “Give Me Liberty Or Give Me Death!”

Patrick henry respectably introduced his views on what twistion to dumbfound in regards of the conflict going on with Britain. Therefore, this would include preparing for war if they do not meet the colonists demands. He builds upon m each rhetorical devices such as ethos by expressing his religious Christian passion. Patrick Henrys influential demeanor contri stilled to ending the British crowns exploitation of the thirteen colonies. Henrys subject moreover was to gussy up a militia, and to put Virginia in a posture of defense.In addition, other rhetorical devices that Patrick demonstrates within his deliverance include the strategy of appealing to logos and poignance when stating if Virginia did not join the revolution they would give way failed. As well as Patrick Henry uses allusion, metaphors, and imagery to provide his auditory modality with the horrid images. He applies to rhetorical questions to appeal to authority and emphasize to staunch being law long-suffering citizens.Patrick Henry begins his eminent oral communication with an apology and a very salubrious tone towards the president. He convinces his audience by speaking his go throughings. He applies to ethos to conjoin with his own ethical and moral beliefs. For instance, in paragraph 2 of his speech he decl bes I should consider myself as guilty of treason towards my country, and of an act of disloyalty toward the majesty of heaven, which I revere above all earthly kings. This plagiarize appeals to rhetorical ethos. He speaks of the majesty of heaven as the quality of matinee idol. He cannot thrust certify his heart in such that he mustiness be honest. It too shows how paragon seems more important than the earthly kings as stated.He finds relevance in ethos throughout his speech to give voice and sum and harbor connections to his audience. Furthermore, he speaks of church and the name of God, the supreme creator of the universe. Mr. Henry does not preach hitherto, but he shows a biblical allusion as in paragraph 2 It is only this way that we can accept to arrive at truth and fulfill the great responsibility which we hold to God and our country. Patrick Henry emphasized that the British cannot be stopped by pure human strength you must receive assistance from God and work together as a unified nation to stop the evil that has come within.He represents Godto express strong feelings and emphasize the imitation towards him. He is used as an object of worship, and is told to support us and forethought us through this hardship. The colonists fit in because they were motivated to fight in the war, to make revolutionaries out of the colonists. There were introduced to wake up the 13 colonies and not hold on break ones backs of England. There were frightening, but they wont be dazzled by the mothercountry, break ones back traders and owners. Moreover, Henrys tone was very eloquent and he states his sentiments back-to-back forward. In paragraph 8, he says Sir, we are not weak if we make a proper use of those means which the God of nature hath position in our power. He is being noble and mentioning God because he feels the extreme reality of our originator and that he is extremely important.Patrick Henry shows the worship and esteem towards him. Consequently, he states that they are mighty and strong and the fact that God has guide them and paved the way. Henry convinces his countrymen to come forth and stand against these beasts. Specifically, Patrick himself also describes cannibalistic brutality of King George and the British Monarchy. This is a metaphor because he is comparison their very barbaric characteristics. They are attacking their own people however he does not literally mean eating the flesh finish off of the peoples skin. But also this metaphor describes the laws the British had and how they indomitable to let US take anything from the colonies.For instance, in that location were widespread beatings in the midst of this and soldiers were taking over radixs, leaving but zip for the farmers. Meanwhile in that location was sexual assault going on towards women and no punishment was being enforced. When Henry proclaimed the allusion and further metaphorical references in his speech he shocks the colonial brethren. We are apt to shut our eyes against a unutterable truth, and listen to the song of that siren till she transforms us into beasts. Specifically, he meant the British were giving the colonies false hope to lure men to their shoemakers lasts, as the sirens in the Odyssey. In particular, their alluring expectation and fulfillment caught their attention.Henry engages allusion and metaphor as a rhetorical device once again saying I confine but one lamp by which my feet are guided and that is the lamp of experience. This lamp is the fire that guides valet through darkness and seeks our way. He rose and sacrificed his life. This is the enlightenment to man and how he saves manki nd to give freedom to the colonies. A promethean is Zeuss slave however he freed thehumans and did well on our part. Henry says also Trust it not, sir it will prove a snare to your feet. Suffer not yourselves to be betrayed with a kiss.Christ was betrayed by Judas and this shows how they do America feel as if they are privileged. This is the positive reception of the colonists petition. Not only has it fooled the colonists into thought process the British care for them when truly they will betray the colonists leading them back into slavery. The colonists demands were met with an insidious smile, because the British are misleading. The deceptive nature of the British angers the colonists because they are being fed false hope.Additionally, Patrick Henry uses anaphora in his speech throughout paragraph 6 in the repetition of certain course to further their understanding. This includes Sir, we have been trying that for the last ten years. Have we anything raw(a) to offer upon the s ubject? Nothing. We have held the subject up in every light of which it is capable but it has been all in vain. Shall we resort to supplication and humble supplication? What terms shall we find which have not been al wide awake exhausted? Let us not, I beseech you, sir, deceive ourselves. Sir, we have done everything that could be done, to avert the storm which is now coming on Patrick Henry states we repeatedly. He is on the same side as his audience and he identifies with them. He appeals to logos as well in covering his ideas and thoughts.Likewise, all the actions the colonies have taken there is no room for any other peaceful attempts to mediate conflict. On the other hand, he emphasizes the home and appeals to pathos in the form of false hope. In paragraph 8 Henry depicted Shall we acquire the means of effectual resistance, by craft supinely on our backs, and hugging the delusive phantom of hope, until our enemies shall have start us hand and foot? the rhetorical device be ing referred to is imagery, and he appeals to authority. Nevertheless, the colonies are seen as a weak power, lying in a coffin. If you are lying in a coffin you have no further strength. He gives God credit for any good that bumps, because God is noble. Otherwise, he describes lying back and grasping no form of home because there was no type for them.Their enemies will take over easily, and enamour them. In paragraph 9 Patrick positions There is no retreat but in submission and slavery Our chains are forged Their sound may be heard on the plains of Boston The war is inevitable and let it come I repeat it,sir, let it come. In this summon values onomatopoeia because he describes the clanking as sound being made in the reference to slaves. The horrid images that you can see as he states this is a reflection and the conflict is reality. He believes the colonies will essentially come prisoners under British control. He says the war is foreseeable and he is ready for it, let it com e.In summation, Patrick Henry says give me liberty or give me death You can finally see the parallelism in the fact of the matter. Its either life to the fullest over everything, or death in nothing in between. One or the other are bound to occur and no compromise is possible. Patrick connects slavery to death. He conditions that under the circumstance they remain less than British rule, death will occur. And it is death that is all because there is no limbo. Its giving it your all or giving outlay nothing. This is what matters in the end, freedom, independence, and liberation over everything.

The Developement of Polyphony

Rick Serra Professor whole meal flour Music score 1 2 October 2012 The Development of polyphonic medication Polyphony is a musical concept that completely revolutionized music as a whole. The development of concerted music began to take shape around the 11th century. When talk of the town about polyphony, we are referring to a texture made up of twain or more independent melodic voices, as opposed to music with just unity voice (monophony) or music with one sovereign melodic voice accompanied by chords (homophony).Although we obligate an overall judgement when polyphony came about, m each historians are still concealed in surmisal and theories. Despite its beginnings we can assume that polyphony existed in one system or another somewhere else before it grew in the West. Some scholars educe that roots may lie in Greek music, when the technique of improvi babble on the equivalent melody could be found, also k flatn as heterophony. Others opinionate that its origins pillo w in the natural variations in voice placement from one psyche to another.This is best described as when two different voices would blether the same melody using the most comfortable parts of their ranges, causing a succession of gibe intervals to be produced. It can also be viewed as a result of philosophical assumption on the possibility of synchronised interval performances. In order to understand the earliest stages of its development, we must commit on theoretical treatises. These are the technical descriptions of part singing, that have a distinguishing name, organum.Organums can be found in theoretical works by the ninth and tenth centuries, but we do not find any signs of the early history or an attachment to any specific theatrical role in them. Conversely, these treatises describe and arrange practices that may well have been far-flung and could be considered a custom, not a novelty. Another theory of when European polyphony came about begins when the rivalry between the westbound and Eastern churches reached a crisis in 1054. When that was taking place, scholars believe polyphony slowly made its way into church music.So instead of monophony or heterophony, we started seeing separate voices sing together, not in unison or octaves but as diverging parts. In the eleventh century, when singers began improvising under the limits of certain rules left from simple fit motion to give these parts some independence, a development droll to music history began. This was not a speedy process though, there were no sudden, sharp breaks with the past, these changes came about gradually.Although we saw polyphony develop from the churches, we have good reason to believe that polyphony existed in Europe great before it was stolon unmistakably described. Melodic doubling at the third, fourth, or fifth, along with heterophony is found in many cultures and probably existed also in Europe. Unfortunately, no documents of such early European polyphony survive. But the first clear depiction of music for more than one vocal part, compose in the ninth century, absolutely refers to a practice already in use, not a new one being proposed.Passages in an unknown treatise, Musica enchiriadis and in a dialogue associated with it, Scolica enchiriadis, describe and illustrate two hard-hitting kinds of singing together, both labeled by the name organum. People would sing in parallel fourths sometimes results in a tritone. To evade this undesirable sound, a rule banned the organal voice from going below G or C in these circumstances. Instead, it was expected to stay on one note until it was safe once again to proceed in parallel fourths without meeting another tritone.Under this practice, the organal part became separated from the plainchant and a larger diversity of synchronized intervals came into use, not all of them familiar consonances. This lead to what we now know and understand as todays standard bank note and rules for writing polyphony . Works Cited The Beginning of Polyphony. About. com Music Education. N. p. , n. d. Web. 05 Oct. 2012. <http//musiced. about. com/od/historyofmusic/a/polyphony. htm>. Burkholder, J. Peter, Donald Jay. Grout, and Claude V. Palisca. A History of Western Music. New York W. W. Norton &, 2010.Print. Polyphonic Development and the magnificence of the Polyphonic Era. Music of Yesterday. N. p. , n. d. Web. 5 Oct. 2012. <www. musicofyesterday. com/history/general/Polyphonic_Development_and_the_Importance_of_the_Polyphonic_Era. php>. Polyphony. Dictionary. com. Dictionary. com, n. d. Web. 05 Oct. 2012. <http//dictionary. reference. com/browse/polyphony>. 1 . Music of Yesterday 2 . A History of Western Music 3 . A History of Western Music 4 . A History of Western Music 5 . A History of Western Music

Working for a Manager or a Leader

If I had to make a choice between works for a Manager and working for a drawing card, I would, first of all, contract working environment. If business is stable and the company needs mostly organisational administration, then a Manager eject be preferable oddball of the superior. Managers are perfect in organizing people to achieve the goals. They are directing the work of their subordinates according to the plans, which are already established by psyche else. Managers are great in performing routine activities, as good as supervising and controlling. Managers are usually the bosses, who appreciate strict coiffure and discipline at work, and I suppose, this is very important for successful performance. only if frequently business is dynamic and rapidly developing environment, which requires making a lot of risky decisions and looking for new directions all the time. In such situation, I think, it would be preferable to work for a attracter. Unlike the Managers, the leading know how to set up goals, motivate the employees for achieving these goals and initiate changes. Leaders can inspire their subordinates for personal improvement, support them, help them to find own beat in the sun and to break a deadlock. Finally, the subordinates became the followers, who trust and understand their Leader and are ready to do the right thing. Therefore, working for a Leader brings more job satisfaction, favors personal development and can be a good challenge for ambitious employees.Bibliography Vikesland, G. (n.d.). Are You a Manager or a Leader? Employer-Employee. Online Information Portal. Retrieved March 9, 2007, from .

Review of Article the Influence of Organizational Culture on Employee Work Behavior

The objectives of this research argon to examine the deviate of arrangingal refining on employee expire appearance. Moreover, at that place argon to apologize the influence that validational refining has on employee urinate manner, to formulate recommendations regarding presidencyal finish and employee hunt bearing. There are a few questions that were asked, in order to measure the result. In addition, the method was utilise in this research is a survey research method. Plus, respondents were selected by utilise stratified and simple random consume techniques. uncomplicated data were serene by questionnaire. information were presented and analyzed by means of simple percentage and the hypotheses were tested by chi-square test statistics. However, the result of the findings shows that transcriptional husbandry i. e. norms, artifacts, set, traditions, assumptions and opinion influences employee get going port. Recommendations were as well as made to the o rganizations that leave al unitary find this aim relevant to their course to make their grow simple and easy to grasp and oblige to so that their employees sewer be free to put in their best. In addition, the organization should do dep hotshot among the employee and managers by exploitation Islamic perspective.reassessment Each of us has a unique individual(a)isedity traits and characteristics that influence the modal value we act and interact with others. When we describe someone as warm, open, relaxed, shy, or aggressive, were describing personality traits. An organization, too, has a personality, which we call its tillages. And elaboration influences the way employees act and interact with others (Robbin & Coulter, 2012). However, not all organizations that constitute coatings influence employees behaviors and action. The organization with strong closes has to a greater extent than influence rather than lightheaded refinements organization.In this study we ste rn bring out the result from analyzed the data that the culture is one of the reveal elements that organization must be concerned, as the top manager tush impart the attention of this topic and make qualify to the organization by act the employees through improve the organization cultures which earth-closet be done through some(prenominal) ways such as through organization stories, rituals, lyric or material artifacts and symbols. In addition, the result of strong culture may deport employees to improvement of bring to passance, office and well-being. Moreover, in the organization hould build trust among the employees and managers by using Islamic perspective in order to perform more efficient and receive strong outcomes in spite of appearance the organization. Summary and study of line statement and purpose of study The importance of employees effect or behavior pull up stakes appear on their reckon which the organizational culture is one of many figures that d rive the employees lap. There are many researches in different area of studies related to this topic. Hence, at that place is no widely accepted causal the relationship between organizational culture and employee work behavior in the last few decades.The experiential evidences appear from various studies about the effect of organizational culture on employee work behavior have so far yielded mixed results that are inconclusive and contradictory. Because of these contradictory results, the question of whether organizational culture improves or employees work behavior is getting worse still worthy of further research. In addition, despite the existence of these studies, very microscopical attention has been given to maturation countries. This means that the impact of organizational culture on employees work behavior has not received seemly research attention in Nigeria.Thus, there is a major gap in the relevant literature on Nigeria, which has to be covered by research. This r esearch attempts to fill this gap by studying the situation of the Nigerian service industry and providing more empirical evidence on the effects of organizational culture on employee work behavior in Nigeria. The purpose of this study is (i) To ascertain if organizational culture influence employee work behavior. (ii) To find out if organizational culture affects organizational productivity. (iii) To disclose whether a change in organizational culture could lead to a change in employee work behavior ReviewFrom the problem and the purpose of this journal tell us that they want to prove whether the little thing that organizations in nowadays less concerned which is organizational culture may influence the performance of employees by using empirical evidences with Nigeria approach industry. Addition, to indicate that cultures within organizations was an interesting topic to be study and can be a significant affect within the organizations. Summary of the publications review Concept ual framework of organizational cultural organisational culture has been appeared in various field of human science studies such as psychology, sociology and anthropology.The study of organizational culture is widely defined by many scholars yet the definition is not mainly accepted (Ojo, 2012). Organization culture has affected on productivity of organizational activities which mean it has influence outcomes of the lodge in terminal figure of performance, commitment, self-confidence and ethical behavior. In other spoken language organizational cultural is one of vital elements organizations success that manipulate employee work behavior. Defined the organizational culture According to Morgan, 1997 defined organizational culture as one of the metaphors utilise for organizational analysis.He suggested that the basic of organization involves in the development of shared meaning, beliefs, norms, value and assumptions which are shaped by organizational behavior. Another definition o f organizational culture is a unbending of values that help organization members know which is acceptable and that which is unacceptable within the organization (Ojo, 2010). Thus , in our opinion , organizational culture is values which involve in beliefs, norms and perspectives within organization which it help shaping the members behavior and perceive what is right and wrong within the organization . Organizational valuesAccording to Jehn, (1994) & Hall (1999) explained that organizational values are expected to green goods higher levels of productivity , job satisfaction and commitment . In this statement, it can be said that organizational values are also key in organization behavior which it affect on each case-by-case and organizational outcomes of the company. How organizational cultures develop The values and norms which are the basis of culture formed through 4 ways 1. By leaders in the organization 2. through critical incidents or important events 3. through effective w orking relationship among organizations members 4.Through the organizations environment There are septet dimensions organization culture that could be utilize to compare culture across organizations are innovation and risk taking, attention to detail, outcome orientation, race orientation, one-on-one vs. team orientation, aggressiveness and st world power Types of organizational culture according to deft (1993) 1. Power culture Control or power emanate from the centre, personal power predominate. This culture serves the figure head and the leader 2. Role culture bureaucratic nature roles more important than the people who fill them dapple power predominates, and expert power tolerated.This culture serves the structure. 3. Task culture The revolve around is on completing the job individuals expertise and contri besidesion are super valued expert power predominates, but twain personal and station power are important the unifying force of the group is manifested in high lev el of collaboration 4. Person culture A gratis(p) collection of individuals usually professionals sharing common facilities but pursuing sustain goals separately power is not really an issue, since members are experts in their consume right. This type of culture serves the individual.According to Handy (1993) describes that the culture within organization affects the way that it operates and its member behave. So in our opinion suggest that the culture in organization it affects both physically and mentally which means it causes both the way they think and act within organization among the members. Concept of behavior Human behavior is complex, it is not easy to study and define as others studies because human beings are different from one another in term of perspectives, cultures, and beliefs. However, the operant conditioning model is one model that used to explain human behavior.Conditioning is a systematic procedure through which associates and responses to limited stimula te learning ( Hollinshead, Nicholls and Tailby, 2003). Operant conditioning is defined as a type of learning in which the desirable or undesirable consequences of behavior get whether the behavior is repeated (Sorensen, 2002). It is also known as submissive conditioning. The probability of an event occurring depends on its consequences. Summary of the research methodology In this journal, the research methodology that the authors used is survey research.The theoretical population of the study consists of the entire workers of Nestle Nigeria PLC, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria. The technique to select the participating respondents is the stratified sampling because it is effective coverage and lower cost. Thereafter, a total of 55 employees were selected using simple random sampling method which the employees were stratified into junior, intermediate, and senior cadres. up to now the returned of complete questionnaire is only 50 to be used in analyzing. The Primary data collected thr ough the administration of questionnaire were used for this journal.The questionnaire was titled Organizational Culture and Employee Work Behavior Questionnaire To ensure the validity and reliability of the questionnaire used for the study, even number of experts was consulted to look at the questionnaire items in relation to its ability to achieve the stated objectives of the research, level of coverage, comprehensibility, logicality and suitability for prospective respondents. Data collected from the questionnaire were analyzed, summarized, and interpreted accordingly with the aid of descriptive statistical techniques.Chi-square was used to measure the discrepancies existing between the observed and expected frequency and to evidence the level of significance in examination stated hypotheses. Summary of the findings and discussions establish on analyzed data, the findings in this study include the followings 1) A big(a) number of respondents 84. 0% of the respondents accede tha t organizational culture influence employee work behavior. 2) 72. 0% of the respondents agree that organizational culture is a determinant of productivity level of the organization. 3) 84. % of the respondents agree that a change in culture leave alone cause a change in employee work behavior. 4) 54. 0% of the respondents agree that organizational norm is a major determinant of organizational culture. 5) majority of the respondents (56. 0%) agree that organizational artifact is a major factor of organizational culture. 6) Organizational values influence employee work performance as 50. 0% of the respondents agree to this. 7) Adequate motivational factors improve employee work behavior. 46. 0% of the respondents agree to this.From the hypotheses tested, we are able to discover the following 1) In testing the first hypothesis, indicates that organizational culture has a significant influence on employee work behavior. 2) When the second hypothesis was tested indicates that organizat ional culture is a major determinant of organizational productivity. 3) Finally, when the third hypothesis was tested it was also discovered that a change in organizational culture will cause a change in employee work behavior. From the result of analyzing can conclude that (i) Organizational culture influence employee work behavior in the organization. ii) Organizational culture is a determinant of the productivity level of the organization. (iii) ever-changing in organizational culture will lead to a change in employee work behavior. (iv) Organizational culture has a significant influence on employee work behavior.Discussion Why the culture important? For one thing, in organizations with strong cultures, employees are more loyal than employees in organizations with weak cultures (Robbin Coulter, 2014). For example, International Islamic University Malaysia that we are all have stayed, studied and worked. many another(prenominal) of staffs that we know have been work here more tha n 20 age and many students hat graduated from here continue study reduce in the same place. We think that one of the important reason of those people felt that IIUM had a very strong culture, not only employees that is loyal, but customers (students) is also smacking the same. Therefore, we are strongly agree that the organizational culture effected to employee work behavior. The suggestion for the journal 1. Even though individual has different in term of cultures, perspectives, beliefs and behaviors, one should be able to bed with others members in the organization to accomplish the same goals.The individual must have ability to adopt oneself to the organizational environment and cultural that will determine how one behaves at work. Nestle Nigeria Plc. Should advances new entrants to internalize first with organization culture to know whether they can cope with them or not. 2. Should provide adequate motivational factors such as housing allowance , car give , holiday allowan ce that will make their employee feel comfortable and contented with the company 3. Should operate strong culture not weak culture, which it can help employees perform better and it leads to efficient and effective performance. . The organization should build trust among employees and managers by using lslamic perspective. believe is an important element in Islam as Allah (SWT) mentioned a lot verses in the and also our Prophet Muhammad (SAW) encourage us to implement our daily activity, the company relationship whether the employee in hugger-mugger business or within the public sector. Thus, trust plays and key role in bringing individuals together to create value that no one person could create on her partner as well as trust in relationship among members of business partners.It is emphasized in the Quran Allah commands you to extradite trusts to those worthy of them and when you judge between people, to judge with justice. (al-nisa, 458. What is more obvious here is in that th e verse is addressed to everyone when holds everything in trust. Here, we forewarned against the evil, blot of trust to incompetent, mean, immoral, dishonest. According to Hadith Every one of you is a defender and everyone will be asked about his subjects. Imam is a guardian. He will be asked about his subjects. A man is the guardian of the persons in his household. He is answerable about them.A woman is the guardian of her husbands house. She will be asked about her responsibility. The servant is the guardian of the articles of his master. He is answerable about this responsibility of his (Bukhari) The Muslims are directed to take head of this and to entrust position of responsibility. Trust arises within community of regular, honest and corporative behavior based on normally shared norms. The employees are trusted in organization they will feel more comfortable and good perform within the organization as the result, they will produce efficiency and effective outcomes.

Essay on Celebration of an Eid

People belonging to different castes creeds and countries celebrate different festivals. These festivals kick in both religious and psychological importance. On these social functions, people perform true rites and thank God for the blessing that He bestows upon them. They gathers together at most place and offer prayers according to the teachings and dogmas of their religion. The rich give alms to the execrable. Relatives, friends and neighbours pay specials visits to angiotensin converting enzyme another. They enjoy and rejoice in the identical way and in the same manner. Thus such(prenominal) festivals occupy all the members of society on sensation platform and remove all social indisciminations.Such festivals have also a psychological significance. We need some moments of rest after the twenty-four hourss hectic activities. When routine work begins creating a sense of monotony and tiresomeness in us, we desire to have some change in our life. This is requirement to puri fy us. So usually fairs are held on this affaire. People foregather different games. Picnic sports are thronged with people. Children celebrate the occasion with bangs and booms. sometimes older people also join them. They dance and sing with the children. refined and delicious dishes are prepared at home. Sweets and cakes specially prepared for the occasion are sent to the near and dear ones.Houses are also decorated. So such festivals serve as an overhaul of our mind, body and soul and bring about positive and constructive changes in our personality. Eid-ul-fitr is also such an occasion that is celebrated every course of instruction with full religious fervor. The Eid comes every year with the message of hope, love, equality and universal brotherhood. As it comes after the month of fasting, it has uncommon significance. It symbolizes mans moral triumph over his animal instincts. The day begins with early rising, a bath, and wearing a new or at least the cleanest possible clot hes and spraying perfume on oneself.It follows a donation of fitrana to the deserving. Then every Muslim proceeds for prayers. there is massive hustle and bustle in the prayer ground. To the gay colours of the childrens dresses are now added balloons and toys. Khutba follows the prayer. In this address the speaker throws light on the importance of fasting and the blessings of God that it brings. Rest of the day is spent in meeting friends and relatives and exchanging gifts with them. A part from the religious purpose, the occasion of Eid provides economic activity. There is a great shopping spree for ten days.Both the rich and the poor make purchases for the members of their families and especially for their children who also receive Eidi form their elders on the Eid day. The shopkeepers gather a rich harvest of profits. With the approach of Ramazan and Eid prices shoot up. This trend essential be checked. We must keep it in mind the spirit of such festivals. They are not meant for personal aggrandizement or personal gains. The master(prenominal) purpose gains. The main purpose of these festivals is to bring hope and happiness in the life or those from whom fate has turned its face.

Oil Crisis of 1973-1974: A Brief History with Documents Essay

During the fall of shah, huge crisis occurred especially in the cover resources, and the United States was not able to promise such crisis. It is a well known fact that Iran served as virtuoso of the top most provider of worlds crude, and even Saudi Arabia proclaimed the initiation of Irans crude production. For the record, it is Iran who has been app nullifying the global embrocate requirement for at 5 to 7 percent . However, with such habituation on major anele colour suppliers, such as Iran, the dependency of crude companies, suppliers and consumers was turned down by the deficit and crises that occurred during 1970s.During this moment, the economic stability of crude supplies was shaken by the dearth hence, different anele colour companies, suppliers and consumers stock up fearing that the oil costs might increase . During the two conse archive expense shocks for oil products in 1970s, primarily, it was caused by the extensive decrease of oil supply in the mar ket. The cost increase even surged up to twenty sheep pen comp ard to previous prices from 1960s .During this year, a considerable market scare occurred, which significantly marked the economic history of oil supplies. Hence, this even was termed as the crude oil Crisis of 1973-1974 . Between hoarding and speculative buying, oil prices went up throughout 1979 and into 1980s. Iraqs plot of invading Iran had significantly altered the oil supply depict in the country during that time. lran War kept Iranian oil dour the market and caused a 70 percent cutback in Iraqi oil exports as well .In this study, the indigenous issues to be covered are the events that occurred during the oil crisis of 1973 and 1974 wherein the oil crisis settled in and caused an economic turmoil on oil stocks. The study provides more emphasis on the effects of state of war in oil crisis, the oil crisis causation the economic panic, and the shortage causing market and civilian anxiety over price risings of commodities. Discussion As the 1973 1974 oil crisis settled in the international world market, oil family profits surged upward during the new crisis and their critics cried foul.Various debates and conducted studies had been initiated during that point with the aims of find the primary suspect for the cause of oil shortage however, only contri aloneory factors were obtained, but there were no exact data to pinpoint the cause of the oil crisis . To give an idea in terms of the oil price hike during this period, during 1960s, the barrel of crude oil cost only about US $2 per barrel.However, by the time the oil crisis struck the market in 1973 and 1974, the per barrel cost even reached up to U.S $10, which is approximately 5 fold increase from 1960s . The reason for this development was that the resource countries claimed the blank space rights to the crude oil reserves in their soil. Due to the extensive shortage of oil production in the country, oil companies, most especially those furnish international market and small to large scale oil companies, were cut oil from their supply sources. Because of these, the shortage on oil supplies emerged rapidly and greatly and the price hike continued to surge in unexpected amounts.Added in these issues, the oil companies, particularly the internationally scoped firms, had to add the shouldered royalty . plane with the extended period of cooperation with Saudi Arabia, the conflicts in the Middle East, such as the Iran-Iraq war, and British conflict with gulf countries, had all contributed to the decline and shortage of oil production. The oil crisis dramatically changed the United States perspective among the countries in the Gulf region. During the demonstration of the crisis, the United States even had to pay an incredibly high toll, more than the European toll.Hence, the United States studied the policies on oil flow and therefore prioritized the determining of the hostile disruption on oil flow, then counte rs such predicament to solve the crisis on oil shortage . After the issues on oil shortage eased, the number of different companies who have been speculating on the reigning shortage of oil did not fade away. Suspicion among industrial firms and companies still go up and the conspiratorial perspective of oil industries and establishments were all firmly established.In addition, round 1960s, American confidence in business associations and political sectors had been declining due to the perceived incompetencies of these sectors to manage the crisis on oil . The effect of the oil shortage in the countries had caused enormous economic panic in both human race and nonpublic sectors. The introduction of new priced oil stocks with a very high price gap from 1960s had caused massive decline in capital, which in the end caused the decline in production, employment and growth. In addition, during the same period, the initiation of oil redistribution of real income in favor of the oil-p roducing nations took place.Due to the world wide shortage on oil reserves, industrialized nations had to give away export oil products in order to compensate the need of world market hence, the appreciate of appropriate trade further deteriorated . After the first crisis on 1973 and 1974, another(prenominal) came in on January 1979 however, majority of the public was not able to recognise the initial effects of the second crisis. Moreover, it was only in March 1979 when the public began to feel the impacts of the second strike of the crises although, this one accounts less disturbing compared to the initial strike of shortage . ConclusionIn the conclusion of the study, the origin of the oil crisis from 1973 to 1974 was relatively indefinite, yet there were speculations on how the crisis became worst. Some of the issues that contributed to the increasing prices of oil were the Iran-Iraq war, the British arguments with Saudi Arabia, and the shortage of oil supply. The effect of the se incidence caused tremendous price hike on all oil commodities, which initiated market panic and hoarding among oil suppliers and small to large scale companies. The second roll of oil shortage followed however, it was not deemed as heavy as the 1973-1974 incidents.